【作者】 谢志恒；

【导师】 哈全安；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 世界史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 埃及作为世界文明古国之一，因其久远丰厚的文化传统、对人类发展的卓越贡献和重要的地理位置，而成为非洲地区、地中海地区、中东地区和穆斯林世界的重要国家，也是近代最早接触、学习西方工业文明并启动现代化进程的阿拉伯地区国家。1923年至1952年的立宪君主制时期是埃及从殖民地向独立国家转变的重要时期，是埃及社会传统与现代、精英与民众、世俗与宗教激烈冲突和此消彼长的转型阶段，也是奠定埃及现代政治体系的关键时期。政党政治是此间埃及宪政生活的显著特征。埃及的现代政党产生于特定的历史环境，是自1805年阿里王朝开启现代进程以来埃及政治、经济、社会结构和思想文化发展到一定阶段的产物，争取民族独立和实现立宪政治是新生政治力量必须承担的历史责任。立宪君主制诞生于民族主义政党及其民众支持者发动的1919年革命，其制度基础是英国1922年声明和埃及的1923年宪法。民族独立的不彻底使立宪君主制时期的政党政治带有浓厚的民族主义运动的色彩。立宪君主制时期以华夫托党为代表的议会政党极大地推进了埃及的民族独立事业。在埃及这样一个军事力量弱小、经济发展单一、社会结构严重不平衡、农业地主阶级主导政治、其他社会阶层不觉醒或力量分散、民族认同仍待整合的国家，面对强大的帝国主义力量，民族独立任务的完成不是一蹴而就的。埃及不具备通过轰轰烈烈的大革命一次性地解决独立问题的经济、阶级、军事和思想条件，议会政党的和平谈判是争取独立的重要方式，1936年条约是埃及走向完全独立的重要步骤。立宪君主制时期的宪政实践、国王和政党及政党之间的权力竞争为民众的政治参与和民众政治组织的兴起提供较为宽松的环境。新兴民众政治组织通过多样化的思想形态和纲领主张将社会不同层面的普通民众卷入到争取民族独立和否定立宪君主制的政治活动之中，是埃及民主政治参与扩大的重要表现，它们极大地消耗了帝国主义、封建王室和议会精英政党的力量，为军人政变革命提供了契机。纳赛尔领导的自由军官运动是对议会政党民族事业的继承和发展，其发动的1952年革命推翻了立宪君主政治，完成了反帝反封的革命任务。自由军官掌权后的改革措施是民众政治组织社会经济与政治主张的具体体现。从这个意义上说，纳赛尔革命是立宪君主制时期政党政治发展的结果。更多还原

【Abstract】 Egypt, as one of the greatest ancient civilizations, ranks high among thecountries of the world for its age-old tradition, the roles it has played in history, andits strategic location. Egypt is also the first Arabic country which engages in andemulates the western industrial civilization and then initiates the process ofmodernization. The history of Egypt from1923to1952under constitutionalmonarchy is a critical stage during which Egypt is transforming from a colonial stateto an independent one, and modern political system comes into being, and duringwhich violent conflict and flux happened between the tradition and modernity, elitesand mass, secularity and religion in Egypt society. In the same period, party politics isthe outstanding character of constitutional life in Egypt.The rise of modern party in Egypt is the outcome of the political, economic,cultural and social development after the startup of modernization in MuhammadAli’s Dynasty from1805. Attainment of national independence and constitutionalgovernment was the historical calling of these parties. Egyptian constitutionalmonarchy origins from the1919Revolution made by nationalist parties and theirmass supporters, whose institutional basis is the1922Declaration of Great Briton and1923Constitution of Egypt. The incompleteness of independence brought a deepcolor of nationalism to the party politics in the constitutional monarchy period.Generally speaking, parliamentary parties, especially the Wafd Party made agreat advance in the cause of Egyptian independence, which couldn’t beaccomplished just by one drastic revolution in a country dominated by a imperialistpower like Egypt which had a small military force, single-product economy, gravemisbalance of social structure, political power monopolized by landowner stratum,and non-integrated national identity. Peaceful and legal negotiation of theparliamentary parties was an important road to independence and the1936Treaty wasa vital stage for Egypt’s complete independence.The constitutionalism practice and competition of power between King andparties or among parties in Egypt under constitutional monarchy created an opportunity for public political participation and a more liberal space for the rise ofmass political movements which involved the Egyptian public in various strata intomovement of independence and overthrow of the constitutional monarchy throughvaried ideologies and programs. The new mass political organizations exhaustedimmensely the energy of the imperialist, the palace and the elite parliamentary parties,and paved the way for military coup.The Free Officers Movement led by Nasser succeeded and developed thenational cause devoted by the Wafd Party, by which the1952Revolution arrived andoverturned the constitutional monarchy and accomplished the task of independenceand anti-feudal. The reform policies carried out by the Free officers when they werein power reflected the socio-economic and political demands of mass movements,and in this sense, the1952revolution is a result of the development of party politicsin Egypt under constitutional monarchy.更多还原