【作者】 李国；

【导师】 耿传明；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 论文意在解决清末至五四现代性语境中的祭悼文学及其文化转型问题。在这一问题的框定下，祭悼本身不是重点关注的对象，而是作为切入文学研究的一个手段，以此尝试挖掘出近现代文学进程中的“国殇”、“情殇”与“道殇”三个时代命题。具体表现为文学意义上的对国家的祭祀、对爱国烈士的公祭、对文化先贤的祭奠、对亡者的悼念以及在祭悼仪式的变更中所呈现出来的“个体/群体”、“古/今”、“中/西”不同的悼情体验与生命感悟。清末至五四落潮这一时间段，是中国传统文化与西方异质文化频繁接触、对抗与交融的时期，也就形成了一个“常”与“变”、“退”与“进”、“取”与“舍”的文化交锋与转型语境，中国文学亦随之呈现出迥异于传统的现代转型新特征。因此，在文学“标新”的进程中，一个不容忽视的内容便是祭悼文化，以及在这种文化格局下生成的价值功效、情感释放、生死体验与文学叙事。毕竟，祭悼是儒道礼俗中最根本的所在，在“政教”与“风化”的实施中，维系了权力/伦理/秩序系统的稳定。它连通了生与死的玄关，实现了阳间与阴间两个空间的情感沟通。不仅是一次与死者告别的仪式，给生者以情感慰藉与心理寄托，更承担着清算和规范社会伦理与秩序的责任。然而正是这一“祭悼传统”，自晚清以来遭遇了西方文化冲击与本土时局突变后发生了种种变化，形成了斑斓多姿的新景观，同时也构建了一种中西文化审视祭悼传统的对话空间。因此，如何审视“祭悼传统”的变化，进行“个体/群体”间的伦理道德、生死关照、心灵慰藉、生命体验、生活文化等诸种场域的梳理，便形成了一个复杂而灵动的祭悼文学及其文化的“再构”话题。如何界定祭悼文学？大体而言，它不仅包括最基本的祭文或悼文等实用文体类文章；更具文学价值的则应指涉是那些以缅怀为基本主调，蕴含“阴阳异界”的生命延续，并以语言艺术的形式反映社会生活与生死感悟，特别是呈现日常生活的祭悼文化心理审视的文学创作。其中，展示民族国家的时代内涵，揭示世风变革下个人和群体的命运，表现情爱旖旎的深层体验，以及挖掘新旧并存的文化纷争的作品，占有十分重要而醒目的位置。其所关涉的祭悼对象博杂多样，既有天地神灵等权威象征，又有血脉人伦等亲情对象；既有日月星辰等天体现象，又有山川风雨等自然景观；既有对动物植物的祭悼，又有人类物品的祭悼，既有虚妄的神灵祭悼，又有现实的人类祭悼。祭悼文学不单纯是一种文字符码化的表现，更是人精神世界与心理沉淀的折射。毫不夸张地说，在至真、至亲、至善与死亡面前，它也许会是最真实的一种真情流露与人文表征。同时，祭悼文学又不仅仅是一种特定的情感艺术表达，它同样呈现出了生死观的顿悟，弥留之际的心态，阴阳两界的爱情延续、以及儒道伦理规范的恪守等多样特征，是殉国、殉情、殉道三种时代话语的本真记录。所以，在现代民族国家建构的过程中，祭悼文学及其文化转型反映了知识分子对祭悼“应该这样”的理想建构，而这一建构事实上寄托着他们对国家强大和民族昌盛的现代化渴望，以及面对西方强势文化的内心焦虑与情感宣泄。可以说，祭悼文学以异于旧时代的时代命题与异质旋律奏响了动人的乐章。祭悼哀情不仅贯穿于整个文本当中，极力凸显出来了时代命题；同时也可以是隐藏在文本当中，构成故事叙事的情感基调与背景衬托。本文将会从祭悼文学传统源流及本土化文化构建、祭悼情感救赎与乡土祭悼叙事、西方祭悼观对传统的冲击与再构以及民族国家主义与话语等几个方面来阐释中国文学现代语境下的祭悼文学及其文化转型的构建过程：第一章对祭悼文学进行简要的溯本逐源式梳理。从对待死亡的态度开始，阐释传统的祭悼观念，并以“个体——群体”的社会心理学内容继续深化这种祭悼观念的生成，进而述说如何形成文学意义上的想象存在，这包括传统的祭悼文学模式流变与现代祭悼文学关注下的“世风”转变与“社会”的被发现。紧接着，第二章在“国殇”命题之下，揭露革命高涨中的祭悼观念如何以文学文本呈现出来以及如何体现出其特有的社会意义，同时在科学/政治的对视视角中揭示出“反祭悼”/“返祭悼”的不同取向与文学再造；对当时隆重而庄严的祭孔活动进行必要的文化考究。第三章则从“情殇”角度切入，通过具体的文本与相关祭文，分析清末至五四现代转型期间的祭悼情感体验，包含爱情乌托邦的以及五四涅槃情结等祭悼心理体验。随后，第四章站在“道殇”立场上，将研究视角延伸到五四时期，以本土/西方互为参照的对比来详细论述二者在文化/文学的层面上的彼此建构，发掘在无神论宣扬下的鬼神观与祭悼观的合法性与合理性，以及传统文化式微下捐躯殒命的殉道文化人的献祭精神与信仰坚守；梳理西方知识话语影响下的作家们如何实现自我的祭悼观念书写；而祭悼文化与鲁迅文学创作二者之间的关系则作为个案加以细致分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 Paper is intended to solve the memorial literary and its cultural transformation inthe context of modernity from the late Qing dynasty to the May Fourth. Under theframing of the issue, offering itself is not an important focus of object, but rather as amethod to cut in literary studies, to try to dig the "National martyr","Losing love"and "Tao dies" of three propositions in the process of the modern literature. Thatembodies literature significance of national sacrifice, patriotic martyr, the culturalpast scholars’ memory, patriotic martyrs’ honor, as well as the appearing of"individual/group","ancient/present" and "Chinese/Western" different memory ofemotional experience and understanding of life in the changing of mourn ceremony.The period of the late Qing dynasty to the May Fourth is the Chinese traditionalculture and foreign culture frequently contact collision and integration period. It alsoformed an exchange and transition cultural context of an "exhausting" and "change","back" and "into","take" and "residential", Chinese literature also presents a differentfrom the traditional with the new features of modern transitions. Therefore, in theprocess of "new" literature, the important content is offering culture, as well as in thecultural pattern generating value efficacy, emotional release, life experience andliterary narrative. After all, offering is the most fundamental of condolences andcustom, in the implementation of "politics and religion" and "weathered", maintainingpower/ethics/order system stability. It connects the vestibule of life and death,achieves emotional communication of the two spaces of this world and theunderworld. It not only is a farewell ceremony of the deceased, providing theemotional comfort and psychological sustenance to the living, but also is theresponsibility to clean and regulate the order of social ethics and responsibility. Yetthis "offering traditional" which experienced the west culture shock and the localsituation change had occurred a variety of changes since the late Qing dynasty, andhad formed a new colorful landscape, while also had built a dialogue space forChinese and Western culture to review the offering traditions. Therefore, how toexamine the "offering traditional" changes, and comb the various life and culture fields of "individual/group" ethics, life and death, spiritual comfort, life experiences,which formed a complex and flexible "reconstruction" topic about the offeringliterature and its culture.How to define offering literature? Generally speaking, it includes not only themost basic of funeral orations or mourning text, but also refers those literary valuecreations which have basic melody in memory, contains the "Yin-Yang effect" of lifeextension, and reflect social life and death feeling by the form of language and art,especially present the daily life of psychological review of offering culture. Amongthem, showing national times connotation, revealing the fate of individuals andgroups under style changes, showing the deep experience of charming love andexploring the works of cultural dispute between new and old, occupies a veryimportant and prominent position. The mourning objects that literature concerns arecomplex and diverse, those include both the symbol authority of heaven, and theblood human affection; both the celestial phenomena, and the natural landscape ofmountains and rain; both the mourning for animal or plant, and the mourning forhuman, both the mourning for false gods, and the mourning for reality of human.Offering literature is not merely a performance of character codes, but precipitation ofhuman spiritual and psychological index. It is not exaggeration to say that, in the faceof the truth, the kin, the perfection and the death, it might be the most authenticfeeling and human characterization. At the same time, offering literary is not just aspecific emotion and art expression, it also presents diverse characteristics includingthe concept of life and death, the deathbed mentality, the love connection both thespace of Yin and Yang, and the abide of Confucianism ethics. It is the authenticrecords for the "National martyr","Losing love" and "Tao dies" three propositions.Therefore, in the process of modern national country construction, offering literaryand cultural transformation reflects the intellectual’s ideal construction which theoffering "should be", and this building actually pinned their desire for modernizationof the State power and national prosperity, as well as the anxiety and emotionalcatharsis facing to the Western powerful culture. It can be said that offering literaryplayed beautiful music that was different from the old era proposition. Offeringmourning not only throughout the whole text, trying to highlight the topics of the times; also can be hidden in the text, constituting the emotional tone and narrativeagainst the background of the story.Thesis will illustrate the construction processes of offering literary and itscultural transformation in the modern context of Chinese Literature. So it will beremarked several aspects which the origin and development of offering literary andthe construction of local culture, the redemption of offering emotional and the localoffering narrative, the impact and reconstruction of traditional from western offeringconcept, as well as the nationalism discourse.The first chapter will comb the offering literary by the way of source-type. Beginto illustrate the traditional offering concepts from death attitude, and continue todeepening the concept of offering with the social psychology content of"individuals-groups", and then explain the literature meaning imagination, whichincludes the changes of traditional offering patter and the change of "public morals"and the founded of "society" under the concerns of modern offering literary. Then, thesecond chapter will be under the proposition of "National martyr", to expose theoffering concept in the revolutionary upsurge how can be appeared by the literary textand how can reflected the unique social significance. And then reveals out thedifferent orientation and the literature recycling of the "anti-offering"/"returned tooffering" in the perspective views of science/political; then makes the necessaryculture research about the grand and solemn activities of offering Confucius. Thethird chapter will be from the angle of "Losing love", and through the specific textand related funeral orations, to analysis the emotional experience of offering in themodern transformation of late Qing and the May Fourth period, which contains theutopia of love and the sacrifice and the complex psychological experience of MayFourth Nirvana. Subsequently, the fourth chapter will stand on the position of "Taodies", and research perspective will be extended to May Fourth period, and in thecomparison of local/Western mutual reference to discussed in detail the twoconstruction of each other at the level of culture/literature, excavate the legitimacyand rationality of ghosts views and offering views under the preaching of atheism, aswell as the died human sacrifice spirit and faith under the decline of traditionalculture, and comb how the writers achieve their offering concept writing under effect of western knowledge discourse. And the relationship between offering cultureand Lu Xun’s literature creation will be taken as a case to be careful analysis.更多还原