【作者】 何江丽；

【导师】 李少兵；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 自中国历史迈入近代，城市的发展就是时代的鲜明特征之一，城市成为体现时代变动的最佳舞台。每个城市都有自身的特点和独有的发展历程，这决定了城市发展的方向和类型。作为典型传统城市向现代城市转变的代表，北京在1900-1937年的三十多年中发生了巨大的变化，其中，卫生知识的普遍化对于北京城市的改变和发展具有重要的意义。近代一直存在的民族危机感，使卫生知识与民族国家的振兴紧密相连，卫生因与西方知识的联系而带着舶来品的殖民性，又被赋予民族国家话语的鲜明色彩。卫生的直接目的在于民众的健康，而终极意义则是强国强种。卫生知识还与权力相系，体现在具体的实践中，政府和民间力量都运用卫生知识，定义自身的行为，赋予自身权力，积极对城市的面貌及民众的生活和观念进行改造，使北京城市在这个历史时期经历了“卫生化”。北京城市的“卫生化”体现在空间、时间和身体的三个向度上。在城市空间上，卫生的推广使各种力量参与到空间的争夺、改造和生产中，促使城市中的传统空间逐渐衰落，而新式空间日益强势；在时间观念上，世界时间为卫生的普及提供了时间框架，卫生知识的普及过程则推动了世界时间逐步确立为民众日常生活的规范；在国民身体上，卫生不仅成为定义和评判身体的重要指标，还作为解放和形塑身体的武器，造就了符合富国强种需要的新国民。倡导卫生的知识分子和民间团体作为主要的社会力量，与市政机构共同推进北京城市的“卫生化”进程，前者掌握了话语权和一定程度的自主行动权，后者则运用行政权力掌握了主导权和操作权，努力将官方意志深入到民众的日常生活之中。在对卫生知识的理解和运用上，两者具有共通的认识，达成了一定程度的默契，在许多卫生事务上出现了合作。北京城市“卫生化”的最终成果体现在城市发展和居民生活当中。当卫生逐渐成为社会的共识，城市的面貌出现了明显的变化，现代的思想观念和行事方式成为民众日常生活的主流。更多还原

【Abstract】 City development is a major aspect in modern China history. Each city has itsown unique characteristic that defines the direction and type of city it will evolve into.As a typical city representing the transformation from tradition to modern, Beijinghad gone through dramatic changes from1900to1937. The development of hygieneplayed a very meaningful role in the city of Beijing at this period.Hygiene was closely related to the revival of Chinese nation driven by the senseof crisis for nation in modern times, which was carried the spirit of nationalism aswell as the characteristic of colonialism. It aimed to improve the public health buteventually to build a stronger country. As a type of knowledge, Hygiene generatedcertain authority in practice. Government and societal forces all used Hygiene torationalize related behaviors on reconstructing the city and transforming the existinglife and customs of residents. The history of Beijing City development was also aprocess of “City Hygienization”.This Hygienization process was reflected in perspectives of city space, time andthe body of residents. Along with the promotion of hygiene, various segments ofsociety participated in competing and reconstructing the city space. Newinfrastructures were built and old infrastructures faded out. Adoption of World Timeprovided the common time frame of hygiene activity. It also became a new set ofstandard in regulating residents’ daily life. hygiene became not only a measure todefine and judge bodies’ health condition, but also a weapon to liberalize and shapethe human bodies, making the demand of building a stronger nation possible.The intellectuals and societal forces who advocated Hygiene and the municipaladministration functions were the major forces in the process of hygienization inBeijing. The former had rights to express their opinions and practice their ideas to acertain level. The latter had the administration means to play a leading role andimplement the government policies. These two parties had common understanding onthe knowledge and practicing of Hygiene. They reached at common agreements at some level and cooperated in certain Hygiene activities. The hygienization of Beijingcity showed its effect in city development and residences’ daily life. As the concept ofHygiene was commonly accepted, the change of city appearance was obvious. Themodern way of thinking and personal behavior gradually became the main stream.更多还原