【作者】 赵九洲；

【导师】 王利华；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 中国古代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 华北地区的地貌大致可分为山地、平原与沼泽湿地三个部分，地貌的差异决定了植被分布的差异，进而导致了燃料利用形式的差异。独特气候状况使得华北民众的燃料消耗量极为巨大，而近世气候的变化使得燃料需求进一步增大。人口密度较大的地区燃料蕴藏量较大，反者反是。城市中燃料蕴藏量较少，而燃料需求却极大；乡村中的情况与城市相反。这样的差异对经济、社会与生态都产生了深远的影响。远古以迄明清，华北地区人口起伏波动极大，但总体的趋势是不断增多，至明清时期出现了严重的人口问题。与人口发展脉络相一致，华北区域内人们的燃料消耗量也在不断增大。于是，燃料的供应日趋紧张，至唐宋而出现了燃料危机，至明清时期越发严重。政府的燃料消耗量极为巨大，宫廷的饮食起居、祭祀礼仪中的举行、官员的薪俸发放以及军队的生活作战等等都需要大量的燃料。为了确保燃料供应，政府设置了专门的职官与机构，此外明代还设置了宦官组织惜薪司掌管内廷燃料采供。在明代，政府还设置易州山厂来直接进行燃料的生产与转运，山厂的兴起与衰落则与燃料格局的变化息息相关。在燃料危机深重的情形下，政府采取了种种措施确保燃料供应。普通民众的日常生活中也需要消耗大量燃料，随着燃料匮乏局面的形成，华北地区民众民众生活日趋困苦化。围绕燃料，人们展开了激烈的争夺，有关的民间纠纷与刑事案件层出不穷。为了应对燃料危机，人们不断改造炊具、炉灶并调整饮食习惯，也极力改造取暖器具并改变取暖方式，极力提高燃料利用效率，以求开源节流，使生活用燃料得到最低限度的保障。中古及其以前，华北地区的手工业生产颇为发达，而步入近世却呈现萧条景象，丝织业、陶瓷业、冶铁业、制盐业都出现了不同程度的衰落。这一变局的出现与燃料危机的出现与加深密不可分，燃料供应紧张的情势下，若干高能耗手工业生产规模自然会受到挤压。近世冶铁业、制盐业等仍能有一定的发展，凭依的则是煤的使用及生产技术的革新。近世的燃料危机对华北地区的生态产生了深远的影响，由于过度的樵采，植被遭到了严重的破坏。而作物秸秆大量用作燃料，又对役畜饲养造成了巨大冲击，饲养规模不断缩减，役畜结构也发生了剧烈变动。燃料危机还影响了作物结构和土壤肥力，高杆作物比重逐渐提高，而土壤肥力则呈下降趋势。华北地区用煤历史悠久，自宋代开始大规模应用，至明清而用量更为巨大。煤的开采与使用对政治与经济都产生了深远的影响，煤炭在近世社会演变进程中打下了深深的印记。随着煤炭的广泛使用，一定程度上减轻了植被的压力，役畜饲养也得以维持，但是也造成了严重的生态问题。反思当代的利用模式，展望未来人类前景，化石能源还有许多值得我们深入思考的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Generally speaking, North China has3different landforms:mountains，plain and swamp. The differences of the landforms determinethe vegetation kinds and distribution, which, as a result, cause thedifference of the ways that fuels are adopted. In fact, the unique climaticconditions have made the residents in North China rely on fuelsdramatically, and the climate change in recent years has further increasedthe demand. Usually, the area with more population has more fuelreserves, and vice versa. However, city areas with large demand haveinadequate fuels, and rural areas have exactly opposite situations. Themismatch has influenced the regional economy, society development, andeco-system every since.Since thousands of years ago, the population in North China areashas fluctuated but with an overall increasing trend and started to causeproblems in Ming and Qing dynasty,. As a result of population growth, the fuel consumption had increased largely, and the inadequate fuelsupply started to happen and caused a fuel crisis in Tang and SongDynasty, which was further deepened in Ming and Qing.As the governments were in great demand of fuels for regularlodging, ceremonies, salaries for officials and military operations, etc,some special bureaus or department were established to guarantee thefuel supply. In addition, Xixinsi（惜薪司），an Eunuch agencies，wasestablished in Ming dynasty in charge of internal fuel supply. Thegovernment also started Yizhoushanchang （易州山厂） for fuelproduction and supply, which was greatly dependent on the fuel relatedsituations. Overall, during the fuel crisis, the governments had takenmeasures to guarantee the supply.Meanwhile, the residents were in great demand of fuels as well. Asthe crisis was deepened, the people in North China suffered greatly. Theystarted to fight each other for access to fuels, which causes a large number of criminal cases. In a response to the fuel crisis, people startedto improve the cookware, adjust eating habits, redesign the heatingappliances, and change the heating method for an optimal use of the fuelsto keep a basic everyday’s life.The handicraft production used to be very prosperous in NorthChina several thousand years ago, and it decayed afterwards in silk,ceramics, metal, and salt industries, which was closely related to the fuelcrisis, as the fuel supply became limited, the industries requiring moreconsumptions had to be compressed. The modern metal and saltindustries would be further developed based on the use of coals and thetechnical innovations for production.Modern fuel crisis has dramatically affected the eco-system everysince in North China. Due to the over exploitation, the landforms havebeen damaged badly. The use of crop residues as fuels has also impactedthe animal feeding, so that the scale of animal feeding shrinks gradually and the distributions of draft animals have changed greatly, as well as thedistribution of crops, soil fertility, i.e. long-stalked crops have gainedmore percentage, the soil fertility, however, has been dropping.North China has a long history of use of coal for energy, and itbecame a large scale from Song dynasty and enormous in Ming and Qing.The exploitation and utilization have influenced the politics and economyfor long, and coal has marked the modern social evolution. As it becomesextensively accepted, the pressure on the landforms has been relieved,and the animal feeding has been kept, however, many serious problems ineco-system have been caused. Based on the reflection of modern fuelutilization and the vision for future human being, the problems associatedwith fossil energy are worth serious thinking.更多还原