【作者】 葛音；

【导师】 杨令侠；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 世界史， 2012， 博士

【副题名】对“加拿大救助计划”制定过程的考察（1958-1966）

【摘要】 加拿大是当今世界最发达的资本主义工业国之一。它经济实力强，居民生活也比较富足。然而，即便如此，加拿大却一直未能彻底消灭社会中的贫困现象。自1867年自治领建立时起，加拿大各级政府就开始使用一系列公共政策——尤其是专门针对贫困问题的反贫困政策——来应对这一社会顽疾，为贫困的公民提供救助或服务，保障公民福祉。这些政策已经取得了一定的成效，但仍存在着很多不足。本文主要关注20世纪50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题和政府反贫困政策的制定。在这一时期，加拿大社会政策所覆盖的范围有了显著扩大，“福利国家”最终建立起来并得到了空前的发展，反贫困政策领域中也出现了一些显著的进步——尤其是1966年“加拿大救助计划”的出台。该计划是加拿大公共政策发展史上针对社会贫困人群所采取的最为重要的措施之一，对现代加拿大“福利国家”的发展和公共政策体系的建立都产生了深远的影响。其制定过程将是本文将要考察的最主要的内容。在开始这方面的讨论之前，本文将梳理自殖民地时期至20世纪50年代末加拿大济贫相关措施发展和演变的过程，理清“加拿大救助计划”出台的政策背景。在此基础上，本文将对50、60年代加拿大社会贫困问题的程度和特征进行考察，以探究该计划出台的社会环境。通过对相关数据的检查，本文将证明：在20世纪50、60年代中，加拿大社会里仍然存在着相当数量的贫困人口，社会不平等现象也是普遍着存在的，并且引起了加拿大社会和政府的广泛关注。在对政策制定程序进行大致梳理之后，本文将对“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程进行详细的讨论和分析。该过程主要发生于1958-1966年间，其内容是纷繁复杂的，而加拿大联邦和省两级政府以及联邦政府各部门之间进行的频繁互动和良性交流将是我们对它进行解读的核心因素。“加拿大救助计划”的制定过程表现出一些特点。首先，政策发展进程遵循着一种可称为是“渐进式增长”的模式，即，较为明显的政策革新成果实际上都是由一系列较小的政策改变组成的。其次，联邦与各省在具体的政策制定过程中进行了普遍而深入的合作与斗争，使用各种策略进行“协商谈判”：一方面，各省在社会政策方面提出的一系列要求对于“加拿大救助计划”的出台起了重要的推动作用；另一方面，联邦健康与福利部积极与各省进行沟通，以确定未来政策细节，起到了统合全局的作用，保证了该政策最终得以顺利出台。再者，各级政府福利部官员在具体政策制定工作方面做出了突出贡献，这说明掌握着这一领域专业技术和知识的政府工作人员在公共决策中所扮演的角色越来越重要。总体来说，20世纪50、60年代反贫困政策的发展变化过程处处体现着加拿大作为一个“自由主义福利国家”的一些根本特征。本文研究的目的决不仅仅是考察政策制定过程。20世纪50、60年代加拿大反贫困政策变化是在多方机构和组织的联合作用下进行的，并且体现着该国在社会经济、政治制度和意识形态等方面的一些重要特征。通过对政策制定过程的检查，本文希望能够从政治和制度的角度发现在当时的社会历史环境下推动或阻碍着加拿大反贫困政策发展的一些深层次因素，并以此对政策发展的根本原因做出一定的解释。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Dominion of Canada is one of the most developed industrial countries in theworld. It has great economic strength, and its citizens usually live prosperously.However, as all the other countries, there have always been some Canadians living in asituation of poverty. Since the founding of Dominion, Canadian governments havebeen dealing poverty problem with all kinds of social policies, especially anti-povertypolicies, to provide social assistance for its poor citizens. These policies have beeneffective, but still have certain defects.This dissertation focuses on the social poverty problem and the making process ofgovernmental anti-poverty policies in Canada in1950s and1960s. During this period,Canadian social policy had been extended; the welfare state had also been establishedand developed with notable progresses. There had been a number of improvements inCanadian anti-poverty policy sphere, the most important one of which was theintroduction of Canada Assistance Plan in1966. It is one of the most importantfederal measures aiming at solving social poverty, and has caused great impact on thedevelopment of modern Canadian welfare state and its public policy system. Themaking process of this Plan will be the main concern of this dissertation.Before discussion on the policy making process, this dissertation will describe theearly evolution of Canadian anti-poverty measures since the colonial era, to explorethe policy background of the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan. It will alsoinspect the extent and charactors of the social poverty problem in Canada in1950s and1960s, to explore the social context of the the establishment of Canada Assistance Plan.By examing relative statistics and data, this dissertation will prove that, in1950s and1960s, there were certain number of poor people living in Canada, and the everexisting social inequity had been arosing the attention of Canadian society andgovernments.After certain analysis about policy making procedures, this dissertation willdiscuss the making process of Canada Assistance Plan, which includes a series of policy changes during the period between1958and1966. The most crucialelements for us to explain the complicated policy making process would be thefrequent communication and active interaction among Canadian federal and provincialgovernments and among different federal departments.We will notice that there were several important political and institutionalcharacters showed in this policy making process. First of all, it showed a kind ofmode that can be described as "incrementalism", as most of the reform achievementshad been formed by series of smaller changes of policies. Second, during the policymaking process, Canadian federal and provincial governments cooperated andcompeted wth each other,"bargaining" with each other through certain strategies andtactics. On one side, policy demands from the provinces promoted the makingprocess of Canada Assistance Plan; on the other side, the federal Department of Healthand Welfare actively collected provincial opinions, integrated them, and fixed thedetails of future anti-poverty policy. Third, welfare officials who was them workingin governments played a very important role in the policy making process by workingout the specific policy details, which means that welfare professonals actually hadmore and more effect on public policy decisions during that era. Totally speaking, theanti-poverty policy reform in1950s and1960s had been reflecting the crucialcharactors of Canadian "liberal welfare state".The purpose of research in this dissertation is not only to inspect the policymaking process. The evolution of Canadian anti-poverty policies in1950s and1960s was complicated, formed under the operation of many actors or organizations,reflecting social, economic, political, institutional and ideological characters ofCanada. The purpose of our discussion about policy making process is to discoverthe fundamental factors that had been promoting or blocking the innovation ofCanadian anti-poverty policies during this period, and to explain the policy changesfrom political and institutional aspects.更多还原