【作者】 郑承燕；

【导师】 刘毅；

【作者基本信息】 南开大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 辽代是由契丹族建立起来的中国古代北方少数民族政权，大体与中原五代与北宋时期相当，并长期与北宋政权并立。随着契丹与汉人的接触日益密切，尤其是“以国制治契丹，以汉制待汉人”政策出台后，辽代便开始了二元政治体制建设。辽代丧葬制度具体有浓郁的民族特点和地域特征，兼具多样化与民族化的双重特点，是中国古代传统礼俗文化的重要组成部分。丧葬制度理应包括“丧”和“葬”两部分，但从目前学术研究情况来看，研究者对于辽代墓葬制度（“葬”）的研究与重视程度远远大于丧葬礼俗（“丧”），辽代丧葬制度研究的系统性与全面性略显欠缺。基于此种状况，本文选取辽代贵族丧葬制度作为研究对象，并希望成为研究中国古代丧葬制度的有益补充。本文的特色之一，就是以墓志、碑刻等石刻资料为主要突破口，运用考古学与文献学互证的二重考据法，结合民俗学、风水理论和历史学研究成果，对辽代贵族丧葬制度进行全面的归纳与提炼，进而得出较为科学的结论。通过系统梳理辽代帝陵发现过程与研究现状，本文以目前研究与考古工作较为充分的祖陵和庆陵为中心，总结与归纳了辽代陵寝制度的特征与特点，认为辽代陵寝制度在因袭唐陵旧制，借鉴宋陵卜选中的堪舆因素之外，在皇陵附近单辟一州专司守陵，具备健全、完备的皇陵管理机构，契丹皇帝将死后魂归之处选在所祭大山的做法，不仅对其他北方少数民族政权尤其是金代陵寝制度产生重大影响，而且成为明代“陵山之祭”的滥觞，为丰富中国古代陵寝制度作出了巨大贡献。在墓葬制度研究方面，论文以长城为界，将发现于内蒙古、辽宁、北京、山西和河北等地的辽代墓葬分为南、北两区，并结合墓主人的族属，将辽代贵族墓葬划分为早、中、晚三期七段，进而从墓葬形制、随葬品、壁饰和葬具四个方面，论述了辽代墓葬制度的发展与演变轨迹，并对贵族墓葬制度中的创新因素进行了讨论。基于史料和石刻资料中对于辽代丧葬礼俗的记载，论文认为契丹族在其发展壮大过程中，尤其是政权建立后，在汉文化的影响下丧葬礼俗日趋完备，同时也能兼固本民族的传统礼俗，这是多元文化整合的结果。论文对于辽代贵族丧葬制度中的民族融合因素，及其在促进中华民族多元一体格局形成过程中的作用也进行了充分的讨论。辽文化以其鲜明的地域特色和民族特征，在十至十一世纪的古代中国熠熠生辉，足可以与宋文化平分秋色。以往对于辽文化只是一笔带过或是以宋文化为主体、辽文化为补充与点缀的认知，未免偏颇，对于辽文化的深入研究仍有较大空间。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Liao Dynasty，as a northern minority regime established by the Khitan in China’sancient time, enjoys the same time span of the Five Dynasties Period and theNorthern Song Dynasty and coexists with the Song regime in a long term. As withincreasingly close contact between the Han people and Khitan, especially after thepolicy of "ruling Khitan by the national system, treating Han in Chinese way", theLiao regime began to conduct a central-plains-oriented political system construction.With its strong national and regional features, the funeral system of the Liao Dynastyenjoys the double characteristics of diversification and nationalization, becoming animportant part of traditional custom culture of ancient China.The funeral system should include two parts, that is, the mortuary practices and burialsystem. Currently, most researchers focus on burial system in stead of mortuarypractices, letting alone the systematic and comprehensive research. Taking thesefactors into consideration, the author selects the funeral system of nobility in the LiaoDynasty as the research object, hoping to become a beneficial supplement of thefuneral system. One of the distinguishing features of this thesis is taking epitaphs andinscriptions excavated from Liao tombs as main and basic material. Using doubletextual research method, combining folklore, geomancy theory and historical research,the author summarizes the noble funeral system of the Liao Dynasty comprehensively,trying to draw a relatively scientific conclusion as a result.Basing on the systematic analysis of the discovery process and research status ofZuling Mausoleum and Qingling Mausoleum among the five Mausoleums of the LiaoDynasty, the author believes that the mausoleum system of Liao follows some customof the Tang Dynasty, learns from that of Song Dynasty and creates some new factorswhich greatly contributing to the abundance of the mausoleum system of ancientChina and having an great impact on that of the Jin Dysnaty and the following MingDynasty, such as the special-setup organizations for the guard of the mausoleums，theworship to the mountains which were looked as holy area by the Khitan people and where the Khitan should be buried after their death.As far as the study of burial system is concerned, taking the Great Wall as a boundary,the author divides the tombs of Liao Dynasty found in Inner Mongolia AutonomousRegion, Liaoning, Beijing, Shanxi and Hebei Provinces into northern and southerndistricts. Taking different nationality-belongings of the occupants into consideration,the thesis divides the tombs of Liao Dynasty into early, middle and late three phasesand seven sections and discusses the development of burial system of the LiaoDynasty from the four aspects of shape of tomb, burial ware, mural and tombfurniture, with the innovation factors being discussed.Based on the records of historical data and characters on carved stone about themortuary practices of the Liao Dynasty, the author believes that in the progress ofdevelopment and growth of Khitan nationality, especially after the found of theregime, the mortuary practices not only increasing complete itself under the influenceof the funeral custom of Han culture,but consolidate its traditional custom at thesame time, which is the result of the multiple cultural integration, reflecting thedevelopment progress of the Khitan mortuary practices. The author also fullydiscusses the fusion factors in the noble funeral system of the Liao Dynasty and itsfunction in promoting the formation of diversity in unity of the Chinese nation.With its sharp regional and national characteristics, the Liao culture is so outstandingfrom the10th to the11th century of ancient China that it can even share an equalposition with the Song culture. More attention should be paid instead of neglecting,ignoring or understatement as far as the deep research of the Liao culture isconcerned.更多还原