【作者】 胡文杰；

【导师】 高捍东； 江香梅；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 森林培育， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 樟树是一种集材用、药用、香精香料、油用、风景园林等于一体的多用途林木资源，被誉为江南宝树，具有巨大的开发利用价值。但鉴于目前樟树原料林多以未经遗传改良的实生苗营造而成，其枝叶的樟油得油率低且有效成分含量也不一致，导致产量、质量与经济效益等受到较大影响。为此，本研究以樟树为研究对象，采用气-质联用仪（GC/MS）测定樟树三种不同化学型（油樟、脑樟和异樟）精油化学组成及含量，探讨樟树三种不同化学型（油樟、脑樟和异樟）精油主成分的时空变异规律。在此基础上，筛选出其得油率高及品质优良的单株，旨在为樟树的遗传改良和定向培育技术的系统研究提供参考，为香料等产业发掘和香料新品种的发展和壮大提供专用优良原料树种将具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。主要研究结果如下：1、樟树叶精油最佳提取条件的优化：经单因素试验和响应面法确定了樟树叶精油最佳提取条件：提取时间65min，水料比12.5:1，提取功率1200W。在此条件下，5月份采集的叶样，其叶精油提取率为2.14%。2、叶精油化学成分：油樟叶精油中共鉴定出39种成分，其中含量大于1%的有8种；脑樟叶精油中鉴定出47种成分，其中含量大于1%的有9种；异樟叶精油中鉴定出40种成分，其中含量大于1%的有9种；三种化学型间的共有成分有16种，而特有成分，油樟有9种，脑樟和异樟各有12种。3、叶精油平均得率的年变化规律：油樟、脑樟2种化学型的叶精油平均得率年变化趋势基本一致，大致可分成3个阶段：3-5月为急剧上升阶段，5-7月是缓慢上升和保持阶段；7月后至下一个生长期到来之前为逐渐下降阶段。油樟7月份精油平均得率最高，为最佳采集时间。脑樟7月和5月精油平均得率最高，脑樟的最佳采集时间为7月和5月。异樟精油平均得率年变化可分为两个阶段：一是3-9月呈逐渐增加的趋势，9月份精油平均得率最高，为最佳采集时期；二是9月后至下一个生长期到来之前的1月，呈逐渐下降的趋势。樟树三种不同化学型叶精油平均得率的年变化不一样，但具有相似的规律，即生长季节得油率较高，非生长季节则较低。4、叶精油主成分种类的年变化规律：油樟在不同生长期样品中共检测到20种主成分，其中有8种成分在不同生长期中均能检测到的主成分，另12种成分在某一生长期含量较高，为主成分，而在其它生长期含量较低或不存在；脑樟在不同生长期样品中共检测到13种主成分，其中有9种成分在不同生长期中均能检测到的主成分，另有4种成分在某一生长期含量较高，为主成分，而在其它生长期含量较低或不存在；异樟在不同生长期样品中共检测到21种主成分，其中有9种成分在不同生长期中均检测到的主成分，另有12种成分在某一生长期含量较高，为主成分，而在其它生长期含量较低或不存在。5、叶精油中主成分含量的年变化规律：樟树油樟、脑樟和异樟三种化学型在不同生长期中叶精油主成分含量变化不同，各主成分的含量变化均具有自身的变化规律。若以各主成分为目标成分进行采收，其采收期不尽相同。6、各化学型不同部位生物量及其比重以及相关性分析：油樟、脑樟和异樟三种化学型不同部位生长量和鲜重差异不显著；三种化学型不同样株、部位精油得率差异显著；通过相关性分析，樟树油樟、脑樟和异樟单株不同部位（叶、当年生枝、老枝、干、主根和侧根）生物量均与树高、冠幅的相关性不大，与地径相关性较大，且相关性均达到了显著水平；油樟、脑樟和异樟三种化学型各部位鲜重与精油得率之间的相关性多数达到了显著或极显著；油樟、脑樟和异樟三种化学型生长性状与精油得率之间的相关性多数达到了显著或极显著。7、各化学型不同部位精油平均得率的变化规律：同一化学型不同部位：主根和侧根的精油平均得率最高，叶和干次之，当年生枝和老枝最低；不同化学型同一部位：当年生枝、老枝、主根和侧根均是脑樟平均得油率高，而叶和干均是油樟平均得油率高，脑樟次之，异樟最低；同一化学型6个部位平均得油率总和，脑樟>油樟>异樟。由于根和叶的得油率相差不大，结合实际炼油，可通过矮林作业持续开发樟树叶精油。8、各化学型不同部位精油成分及含量：油樟6个不同部位（叶、当年生枝、老枝、干、主根和侧根）的精油中分别鉴定出41、37、37、27、31和31种成分，这些成分的含量分别占各精油总含量的91.21%、88.88%、90.04%、87.83%、95.14%和93.60%；脑樟6个不同部位精油中分别鉴定出46、43、44、29、25和25种成分。这些成分的含量分别占各精油总含量的90.48%、89.44%、89.70%、95.27%、89.91%和88.21%；异樟不同部位精油中分别鉴定出41、51、51、41、39和39种成分。这些成分的含量分别占各精油总含量的94.05%、90.05%、91.24%、94.50%、92.64%和91.86%。且精油中典型性成分空间变化规律存在差异。9、各化学型不同部位精油主成分种类的变化规律：同一化学型不同部位精油中主成分种类数，油樟6个不同部位（叶、当年生枝、老枝、干、主根和侧根）精油中主成分种类数分别为：10、12、12、12、5和6种；脑樟分别为：11、12、12、11、6和6种；异樟分别为：10、13、13、8、6和6种。不同化学型同一部位精油中主成分种类数，叶：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：10、11和10种；当年生枝：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：12、12和13种；老枝：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：12、12和13种；干：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：12、11和8种；主根：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：5、6和6种；侧根：油樟、脑樟和异樟分别为：6、6和6种。10、各化学型不同部位精油中主成分及含量变化规律：油樟不同部位精油中主成分共有12种，其中含量大于10%的有3种，其含量变化为，桉叶油醇：叶>当年生枝>老枝>干>主根>侧根；α-松油醇：叶>当年生枝>老枝>干>主根>侧根；黄樟油素：主根>侧根>干>老枝>当年生枝>叶。脑樟不同部位精油中主成分共有12种，其中含量大于10%的有2种，其含量变化为，樟脑：叶>当年生枝>老枝>干>侧根>主根；黄樟油素：主根>侧根>干>老枝>叶>当年生枝。异樟不同部位精油中主成分共有13种，其中含量大于10%的有4种。其含量变化为，异-橙花叔醇：叶>老枝>当年生枝>干>主根>侧根；桉叶油醇：老枝>当年生枝>叶>干>主根>侧根；三甲基-2-丁烯酸环丁酯：叶>当年生枝>老枝>干>主根>侧根；黄樟油素：主根>侧根>干>当年生枝>老枝>叶。11、优良单株选择：结合得油率和主成分含量两个因素，制定了樟树三种化学型等级划分标准，选择出每种樟树化学型的优良单株，其中油樟1株、脑樟2株、异樟1株。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cinnamomum camphora is a valuable tree that can be used for timber, medicine, fragrantingredients, oils, gardening and landscape. However, since Cinnamomum camphora nowadaysplanted are mostly not genetically improved, the oil contents in their leaves and branches are lowand the contents of the effective ingredients are uneven. Therefore, the quantity and the quality ofcamphor oil output are severely affected, and so is the economic income of Cinnamomumcamphora. Regarding that situation, using GC/MS instrument, this study examines thecomposition of the chemicals in Cinnamomum camphora and the variations of contents of thesechemicals over time and across different parts of three chemical types of Cinnamomumcamphora (Cineol type, Camphor type and Iso-nerolidol type respectively). Based on the resultsof the examination, the oil-rich and high quality individual plants are selected in order to providethe basis for genetical improvements and oriented cultivation. The present study is ofsignificance for providing better varieties of Cinnamomum camphora for various industriesincluding perfume industry. The major results of the study are as follows:1. The optimization of the conditions for extracting Cinnamomum camphora leaves oil: theoptimum conditions were ditermined through one-factor test and then the three-factor andthree-level’s response surface analysis (RSA): the time span for extracting was65min; thewater:material ratio was12.5:1; the extraction power was set at1200W. Under these conditions,oil extracting rate of the sample of leaves which were collected in May was2.14%.2. The composition of the chemical components in Cinnamomum camphora oil extracted inleaves: In Cineol type,39different components were identified. Among these, there are8components whose contents were all above1%; In Camphor type,47different components wereidentified. Among these, there are9components whose contents were all above1%; InIso-nerolidol type,40different components were identified. Among these, there are9components whose contents were all above1%. Found out16components owned by all amongthree chemical types, but the special components, Cineol type was9components, Camphor typeand Iso-nerolidol type were separately12components.3. The yearround time variation of the average oil yield in leaves: The rate of oil yield ofCineol type leaves and that rate of Camphor type leaves vary over a year both in a roughly sametrend which consists of three phases: drastically ascending phase, March to May; slowlyascending and plateau phase, June to July; descending phase, August to the next growth period.The oil yield of Cineol type reaches highest level in July, the optimum time interval forharvesting oil. For Camphor type, the highest oil yield is in May and July, and these two monthsare optimum time for harvesting. The variation trend of oil yield from Iso-nerolidol type consists of two phases: One. gradually ascending phase, March to September, in which Septemberwitnesses highest oil yield and therefore is the best time for harvesting; Two. gradually decliningphase, October to the next growth period. The trends of variations of leaves oil yield from threechemical types of Camphor type are different. However, they still share some similarities: allthree types get higher oil yields in growth periods and lower yields in non-growth periods.4. The yearround time variation of main components in leaves oil: In Cineol type,20maincomponents were identified in different growth periods. Among these, there are8maincomponents were identified in different growth periods, Others were identified in few growthperiods or were not identified; In Camphor type,13main components were identified in differentgrowth periods. Among these, there are9main components were identified in different growthperiods, Others were identified in few growth periods or were not identified; In Iso-nerolidol type,21main components were identified in different growth periods. Among these, there were9maincomponents were identified in different growth periods, Others were identified in few growthperiods or were not identified.5. The yearround time variation of main compontents contents in leaves oil: Changes ofmain components contents from three chemical types leaves oils were different, Changes of eachmain components contents have their change laws. Aiming at each main components for harvest,The picking period of it was not the same.6. Correlation analyses and Biomass and their proportion of different parts from threechemical types: No significant difference of growth and fresh weight of different parts from threechemical types; Significant difference of different plants and different parts oil yield from threechemical types; After the analyses, we found no big correlation between tree height, crownamplitude and fresh weigh of different parts (leaf, current year shoot, old branch, stem, tap rootand lateral root) across three chemical types in C. camphora. But there was very big correlationwith ground diameter, and correlation reached the significant level. Fresh weight of differentplants and different parts oil yield from three chemical types, which almost reached Significantlyor extremely significantly. Growth traits and oil yield from three chemical types, which almostreached Significantly or extremely significantly.7. The variations of average oil yield in different parts from three chemical types: Differentparts from the same chemical types, The average oil content of tap root and lateral root reachedthe highest, The average oil content of leaf and stem reached the higher, but the average oilcontent of current year shoot and old branch were the lowest;The same parts from differentchemical types: The highest parts of the average oil content of current year shoot, old branch, taproot and lateral root separately were Camphor type. However, The highest of the average oilcontent of leaf and stem were Cineol type, The higher of the average oil yield of leaf and stemwere C amphor type, and then the lowest was Isonerolidol type; The total average oil yield of sixparts from the same chemical types, Camphor type> Cineol type> Isonerolidol type. Due to theoil content of root and leaf was similar, In the course of refining, it used to utilize leaves,Extracting essential oil by coppice homework was scientific and reasonable. So it could achieve the purpose of development and utilization, and could realize the sustainable utilization ofCinnamomum camphora.8. The compositions and contents of compontents in different parts oil from three chemicaltypes: Six different parts oil of Cineol type（leaf, current year shoot, old branch, stem, tap rootand lateral root）were separately identified and analyzed:41,37,37,27,31and31compontents,and their contents separately reached on91.21%,88.88%,90.04%,87.83%,95.14%and93.60%;Six different parts oil of Camphor type（leaf, current year shoot, old branch, stem, tap root andlateral root）were separately identified and analyzed:46,43,44,29,25and25compontents, andtheir contents separately reached on90.48%,89.44%,89.70%,95.27%,89.91%and88.21%; Sixdifferent parts oil of Iso-nerolidol type（leaf, current year shoot, old branch, stem, tap root andlateral root）were separately identified and analyzed:41,51,51,41,39and39components, andtheir contents separately reached on94.05%,90.05%,91.24%,94.50%,92.64%and91.86%. andtypical components space change rule existed differences.9. The variations of main components in defferent parts oil from three chemical types:Number of main component of different parts oil from the same chemical type. Number of maincomponents of six different parts of Cineol type（leaf, current year shoot, old branch, stem, taproot and lateral root）were separately:10,12,12,12,5and6; Camphor type were separately:11,12,12,11,6and6; Isonerolidol type were separately:10,13,13,8,6and6. Number of the same partoil from the diferent chemical types. leaf: Cineol type oil has10compontents, Camphor type oilhas11compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has10compontents. Current year shoot: Cineol type oilhas12compontents, Camphor type oil has12compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has13compontents Old branch: Cineol type oil has12compontents, Camphor type oil has12compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has13compontents. Stem: Cineol type oil has12compontents,Camphor type oil has11compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has8compontents. Tap root: Cineoltype oil has5compontents, Camphor type oil has6compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has6compontents. Lateral root: Cineol type oil has6compontents, Camphor type oil has6compontents, Isonerolidol type oil has6compontents.10. Main compontents and variations of their contents in different parts oil from threechemical types: Number of main components of different parts oil from Cineol type have12components, which the contents above10%have three components. Cineol: leaf>current yearshoot>old branch>stem>tap root>lateral root; α-terpineol: leaf> current year shoot>old branch>stem>tap root>lateral root；Safrene: tap root>lateral root> stem>old branch>current year shoot>leaf. Main components of different parts oil from Camphor type have12compontents, which thecontents above10%have two compontents. Camphor: leaf> current year shoot>old branch>stem>lateral root>tap root; Safrene:tap root>lateral root>stem>old branch>leaf>current yearshoot. Main components of different parts oil from Isonerolidol type have13compontents,whichthe contents above10%have four compontents. Isonerolidol: leaf>old branch>current yearshoot>stem>tap root>lateral root; Cineole: old branch>current year shoot>leaf>stem>tap root>lateral root;3-Methyl-2-butenoic acid,cyclobutyl ester: leaf>current year shoot>old branch> stem>tap root>lateral root; Safrene: Tap root>lateral root>stem>current year shoot>old branch>leaf.11. Selection of optimum individual plant: Based on oil content and main compontentscontents, the grading stardards for three chemical types were established to select superior plantsfor each of three chemical types, One plant was selected from Cineol type, two plants wereselected from Camphor type, One plant was selected from Isonerolidol type.更多还原