【作者】 徐晔；

【导师】 张金池；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 “与交通有关的生态学问题”包括交通系统与环境系统之间相互影响、相互融合、协调可持续发展的问题，一直以来是人们研究的热点。本研究基于生物工程技术，将生物酶技术应用于汽车发动机进气系统，研究固氮生物酶的“聚氮富氧”效应，探讨固氮生物酶在汽车进气系统应用后的节能减排效果。研究结果显示：1.固氮生物酶通过对氮气的富集作用，显著影响了汽车进气系统氧气的分布。随着管壁（酶处理界面）垂直距离的增加，O2的浓度逐渐增大，离管壁越近，O2浓度越小，离管壁越远，O2浓度越大。随着管进气口距离（水平距离）的增加，该变化更加显著，变幅也逐渐增大。以标准汽车进气管为对照，在进气管壁涂施固氮生物酶后，当采气深度距离管壁2cm时，O2浓度小于空气中的平均浓度；当采气深度为4cm时，O2浓度与空气中的保持基本一致；当采气深度为6cm时，O2浓度高于空气中的平均浓度。随着离进气口距离的增大上述现象更为明显，但随着固氮生物酶处理时间的延长，生物酶的作用效果逐渐减弱，失效时间大约为30d。2.实验结果与对照相比，实验车辆经酶处理后，无论将生物酶涂施于距离燃烧室较远的空气滤清器内壁F，还是涂施于距离燃烧室较近的载体P，实验汽车的油耗量均小于进气系统未经改装条件下的油耗量；将酶涂施于距离燃烧室较近的载体P后，汽车的耗油量小于将生物酶涂刷于距离燃烧室较远的空气滤清器内壁F时汽车的耗油量。经酶涂施的不同载体分别改装实验车辆的进气系统与原装进气系统进行实验比较，经生物酶不同载体改装后的车辆在不同的工况下均表现出节油效果，其效果（节油率）表现为：普通PVC塑料管作为载体内壁涂施生物酶P＜蜂窝状多孔陶瓷管作为载体内壁涂施生物酶C＜丝瓜瓤状金属纤维丝作为载体表面涂生物酶M。M载体处理的桑塔纳车辆不同工况的节油效果与其他载体处理相比，不论那种工况均表现出较好的节油效果；M载体在不同工况下的节油率与对照相比：静态700r/min的节油10.5%、静态1500r/min节油21.8%、静态2500r/min节油6.6%、动态50km/h节油17.8%和动态100km/h节油6.6%。3.进气系统采用M酶载体处理后，实验车辆在不同工况均表现出节油的效果；相比较而言，车辆在中低转速工况下的节油率比高转速工况下的节油率大。在高转速工况下，节油率下降较为明显。对温度、湿度、车型、工况因子进行研究发现，节油率仅与车辆工况有显著相关关系，这说明生物酶处理载体在不同温度、湿度条件下效能具有稳定性。4.汽车进气系统经生物固氮酶处理后，汽车减排效应显著。在NO的减排效应方面，M的平均减排率为17.25%，C的平均减排率为14.83%，P的平均减排率为13.7%。在HC的减排效应方面，M的平均减排率为27.14%，C的平均减排率为24.32%，P的平均减排率为7.08%。对于CO的减排效应分为，M的平均减排率为19.27%，C的平均减排率为15.74%，P的平均减排率为12.08%。汽车进气管经生物固氮酶处理后，NO、HC、CO减排顺序均表现为M＞C＞P。5.汽车进气系统经固氮生物酶处理后，不同的处理方式间VOCs排放效应有一定差异，表现为M>C>P，以M的效果最佳，其排放的总烃体积积分数分别是P的7.70%、C的7.87%。从VOCs的成分看，除了没有检测到2-甲基丙基-苯、1,2,5-三甲苯、1-甲基-3-丙基-苯、二乙苯、1-乙基-2,4-二甲基-苯、2-乙基-1,4-二甲基-苯等芳香性VOCs的成分外，还没有检测到烷烃中的2,2-甲基-丁烷、2-甲基-戊烷、3-甲基-戊烷、己烷、癸烷、4-甲基-癸烷、5-甲基-癸烷和十一烷；烯烃中的2-甲基-1-丁烯、2-戊烯、环戊烯和甲基-环戊烯；芳香烃中的乙苯、1-乙基-2-甲基-苯和1,2,4-三甲苯。苯系物的排放特征排为：对照和酶处理后的均数相比较苯为其2.9倍、甲苯为其3.4倍、二甲苯3.7倍。可见生物酶处理后的汽车尾气中的苯系物的排放大大降低了。A本研究尝试将生物酶技术应用于汽车进气系统，经过适当生物酶处理的汽车，发动机燃料燃烧效率将得到有效提高，实现节约能源、减少有害气体排放的目标，有着很好的经济、社会和生态效益。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Ecological questions about traffic" consisted of problems about the interplay, integrationand balanced and sustainable development between the transportation system and theenvironment system which was a hot issue all the time.Energy conservation and environmental protection should be the dual pressures of thedevelopment of the current internal-combustion engine based on petroleum."Nitrogen collection&Oxygen enrichment" of the bio-enzyme were put forward, and the bio-enzyme technology wasused to the automobile on it’s air intake system. At the same time, reseachs on energyconservation and emission reduction of automobiles had been studied in this study. The resultswere as follows.1.Resech on "Nitrogen collection&Oxygen enrichment" of the bio-enzymeThe distribution of the oxygen were enriched significantly by "Nitrogen collection&Oxygen enrichment" of the bio-enzyme. O2concentration was increased with the increasingvertical distance to interface processed by the bio-enzyme. O2concentration in the place of2cmfrom the above interface was less than O2concentration in the air, O2concentration in the placeof4cm from the above interface was almost equal to the O2concentration in the air, and whenthe depth reaches to6cm, O2concentration in the place of6cm from the above interface wasmore than the O2concentration in the air. At the same time, the biological effect of thebio-enzyme decreased gradually with the time, and the failure time of the bio-enzyme was about30d.2.Screening on the places and carriers treated with the bio-enzyme on it’s air intake systemAll fuel consumption of the experimental vehicle treated by the bio-enzyme both in the farplace of the air filter and the near place of the motor were reduced in all working conditions, atthe same time, the fuel consumption of the near place treated by the bio-enzyme of the motorwere less than that of the far place of the air filter. Three carriers treated with the bio-enzymewere as follows: the PVC plastic pipe wall brushed with the bio-enzyme (it was called P in thisstudy, the same below), the honeycomb ceramic pipe wall brushed with the bio-enzymes (it wascalled C in this study, the same below), and the metal filaments brushed with the bio-enzyme (itwas called M in this study, the same below). The results showed that all fuel consumption of theexperimental vehicle treated by the bio-enzyme were reduced, and exhibited as follows: P﹤C﹤M.Comparation the fuel saving ratio of Santana treated by M carrier in all working conditionswith other bio-enzyme carriers, those were better than any other bio-enzyme carriers. Comparedwith the control, the fuel saving ratio of Santana treated by M carrier was10.5%of700r/min,21.8%of1500r/min,6.6%of2500r/min,17.8%of50km/h and6.6%of100km/h3.Resech on energy conservation of the automobile treated by M carrier on it’s air intake system All fuel consumption of the experimental vehicle treated by M carrier were reduced, and thefuel consumption of the middle and hight work condition were less than that of the low workcondition by contrast. There were significant correlationships between the fuel consumption ofcars and it’s work conditions by SPSS, and the temperature, humidity and automobile type werenot exhibited any correlationship between with the fuel consumption of the automobile whichwere demonstrated that the activity of M carrier treated by the bio-enzyme were stable underdifferent temperatures and humidities.4.Resech on environmental protection of the automobile treated with the bio-enzyme on it’s airintake systemThe results showed that the NO emission changing rate was17.25%by M,14.83%by C,and13.7%by P, the HC emission changing rate was27.14%by M,24.32%by C and7.08%by P, and the CO emission changing rate was19.27%by M,15.74%by C and12.08%by P. The emission changing rate of NO, HC and CO were orderly: M＞C＞P.5.Resech on VOCs reduction of the automobile treated with the bio-enzyme on it’s air intakesystemVOCs was detected by PID, and the results showed that VOCs reduction effect was M> C>P according to the total volumetric fraction of VOCs, VOCs reduction effect of M was better thanthose of the others. and the total volumetric fraction of VOCs by M was7.70%of P and7.87%ofC. Aromatic VOCs (2–methyl propyl–benzene,1,2,5-trimethylbenzene,1-methyl-3-propyl-benzene, diethylbenzene,1-ethyl-2,4-dimethyl-benzene and2-ethyl-1,4-dimethyl-benzene),alkane (2,2-methyl-butane,2-methyl-pentane,3-methyl-pentane, hexane, decane,4-ethyl-decane,5-methyl-decane and undecane) and olefins (2-methyl-1-butene,2-pentene, cyclopentene andmethyl-cyclopentene), aromatic hydrocarbon (ethylbenzene,1-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene,1-ethyl-2-methyl-benzene and1,2,4–mesitylene) were not detected in M. Exhaust BTEXemissions of the automobile treated with the bio-enzyme on it’s air intake system were greatlyreduced. Exhaust BTEX emissions of the control was benzene2.9times, toluene3.4times anddimethylbenzene3.7times of the means of the automobile treated with the bio-enzyme on it’s airintake system, respectively.The bio-engineering techniques were used in mechanical engineering for the first timewhich would expand the application space of bio-engineering technology in the field ofmechanical engineering. The combustion efficiency of the automobile treated with thebio-enzyme on it’s air intake system was improved that reduced harmful gas emissions and savedenergy. The technical measure (automobiles treated with bio-enzyme on it’s air intake system)had exhibited great benefits which could not only produce economic effect but also giveecological effect.更多还原