【作者】 曹顺仙；

【导师】 王国聘；

【作者基本信息】 南京林业大学 ， 生态学， 2013， 博士

【摘要】 在诸多不可持续的重大现实问题面前，人类文明何以可持续发展，这是作者多年来始终不渝地关注、思考和探讨的基本问题。同时，资源短缺、能源有限和人口众多等问题是我国实现全面协调可持续发展的时代课题。因此，本选题的研究旨趣主要包括两个方面：一是在学理上，通过“根源式”的研究，拓展环境政治学的研究领域，为环境政治学兴盛于中国、服务于中国生态环境问题的政治解决提供理论支撑；二是提出并论证中华文明永续发展的环境政治传统，揭示环境与政治互动的内在关系，指出传统环境政治对谋求中华文明可持续发展的当代价值。本文以环境政治学和现代政治学的理论知识和方法论原则为基础，以夏商至清末民初中国传统社会环境政治的产生、发展和演变为研究对象，重点提出并论证了传统环境政治的产生和发展、传统环境政治的主要思想基础、传统环境政治运行的原则和机制、传统社会的环境保护法规、传统环境政治的历史意义与当代价值等内容。形成的主要成果和结论如下：第一，对“环境政治（学）”等基本概念进行了新的概括，对“传统环境政治”进行了初步界定。（1）环境政治是在特定环境和社会经济关系及其所表现的利益关系基础上，社会成员通过社会公共权力确认和保障其环境政治权利，实现其生态环境利益的一种生态、社会关系。环境政治的发展将以绿色科技为先导，以生态经济、可持续经济为中心，以环境政治权利的获得和生态利益的实现及满足为目的，以变革政治体制、政治思维和政治价值观为途径，实现政治文明和生态文明协同共荣。（2）“环境政治学”则是以环境政治为研究对象，揭示其产生、发展和演变的规律与趋势的学问。其学科性质属于政治学。（3）本文所谓“传统环境政治”是指我国1912年前在政治领域中认识和处理人与自然关系而形成的一种社会关系。它以研究环境与政治关系的相关性为重点，以分析环境变迁和环境问题引发的政治响应为基本点，揭示环境政治权力分配的本质，以及环境政治行为、环境政治思想的基本内容和变化规律。第二，尝试以马克思主义政治学研究方法为宗，以环境政治学的交叉研究法为主，对我国传统环境政治进行比较系统的梳理和探究，初步构建了一个包括传统环境政治思想、原则、环境政治体系、环境政治行为以及环境政治发展的基本分析框架，归纳了传统环境政治的特点，掲示了其发展的规律和趋势，客观地肯定了其积极意义和当代价值，指出了其存在的历史局限。第三，重点分析和归纳了儒、道、佛、法等四大思想流派关于环境政治的基本思想，分析了它们彼此互动、交流、交锋和交融的规律，以及以不同性质、内容和方式共同作用于传统环境政治的特点，指出了传统环境政治指导思想的多元性和融通性。各家思想发展的基本规律和趋势是自主融通，创新发展。第四，结合不同的社会政治形态，对传统环境政治运行的原则和机制进行剖析，这是本文的重要创新之一。中国传统的社会政治形态与西方大相径庭。从公元前21世纪的夏王朝建立开始直至1912年新的民主政体诞生，传统社会长期处于不同质的王朝统治时期，王朝政治持续时间之长是世界罕见的。基于王朝政治统治的事实，我们认为，传统环境政治的首要原则是“王权至上”，同时，基于实际生态场域条件、经济社会发展的水平和究天人之际的认知，提出并施行了体国经野、山川形便、务时寄政、以时禁发、公平公正、均平节用等独特的治国原则，创造了保护生态环境的制度文明，推动了环境政治体系的建构和环境政治行为的实施。第五，自然灾患的多发、群发，特别是大江大河带来的大灾，激发了先人响应环境问题的政治智慧。虞衡机制的设立和长期坚持，政府对兴修水利的高度重视和持续开展，因地制宜，植树造林，爱护生物，节约资源等一系列政策措施的施行，不仅缓解了人与自然矛盾，也提高了人们的环保意识，滋养了生态美德。对人地矛盾和人水矛盾等“千年之疡”的制度回应，则为我们认识和把握重大环境问题演变的规律及其制度变革提供了宝贵的经验和教训。历史的经验告诉我们，任何时代合理的、与时俱进的思想原则和制度等都是一种巨大的政治资源。这种资源如果得到恰当的开发，就能适当兼顾不同阶级、阶层、集团、群体的基本利益，化解社会矛盾，宣泄对立情绪，起到转化消极因素，增进社会文明，实现价值进化，保护社会生产力的作用。当今，中国社会发展的成就是举世瞩目的，面临的环境挑战也史无前例。为了使融入了世界的中国和包容了中国的世界都能和谐、可持续地发展，我们在把握传统与现代的价值时，需要一种自主融通、创新发展的智慧，需要一种谋求多元价值兼容、进化、平衡的心态。平衡既是自然生态系统演替的顶级状态和自然界变化的基本规律之一，也是人类社会发展和价值进化的基本规律之一。在不同的价值之间实现平衡，是为了推动它们的融合与转化。这种平衡，本质上是要确定一个更恰当的标准。这也是本文立足于研究中国传统，拓展环境政治学术研究领域的真正价值追求。更多还原

【Abstract】 Facing many important problems of unsustainability for human being’s civilization and asereies of headaches such as the shortage of resources, limited energy and large population,which prevent China from achieving its sustainable development, the question that how couldhuman civilization develop continuously made the author keep to concern, think and discuss formany years. This thesis focues on two purposes. One is to provide theoretical support for thepopularity of environmental politics so as to help the the political settlement of the ecologicalproblems in China by extending the research scope of environmental politics and the study itfrom its "root". Another is to argue the environment political tradition for the sustainabledevelopment of the Chinese civilization, revealing the internal relationships and interactionbetween environment and politics and pointing out the practical value that the traditionalenvironmental politics for for the sustainable development of Chinese civilization.This thesis is based on the theoretical knowledge and methodological principles ofenvironmental politics and modern politics. The object is to study the formation anddevelopment of the Chinese traditional environmental politics from the Xia and ShangDynasities to the Late Qing Dynasty and the early stage of the Republic of China with thehighlights of the emergence and development of the traditional environmental politics, theideological basis of the traditional environmental politics, the principles and mechanisms forthe running of the traditional environmental politics, the environmental regulations and laws ofthe traditional society, the historical significance of the traditional environmental politics andthe contemporary value of it.The major research and conclusions are as below:First, the author made a summary of the concept of the environment politics, and apreliminary definition of “traditional environmental politics”.(1) Environmental politics is akind of ecological, social relation based on specific environmental and socio-economicrelationships and their interest relationships. In this relationship, the members of the societyrecognize and protect their environmental political rights and realize their ecological intereststhrough public power. Environmental and political development is to be guided by greentechnology, taking ecological and sustainable economy as the center, with the achievement ofenvironmental and political rights and the realization of the ecological benefits as the purpose,the change of political system, political thinking and political values as the way, to realize theco-prosperity of political civilization and ecological civilization.(2) Environmental politics as adiscipline takes environmental politics as the study object. It reveals the rules and trends of itsemergence, development and evolution. It belongs to political science.(3) In this essay, theso-called "traditional environmental politics" refers to a kind of relationship formed inrecognizing and dealing with the relationship between human beings and nature in the field of politics in China before1912. It mainly studies the pertinence between environmental andpolitical relations, analyzes the environment change caused by the political response as thefundamental point in order to reveal the essence of the distribution of environmental politicalpower, and the content and the rules for changing environment political behavior andenvironmental political thoughts.Second, the author tried to use the research methods of the Maxist political science as theroot and mainly used cross research methods of environmental politics to make a systematicstudy on the traditional environmental politics in China, and constructed a basic analyticalframework, which includes traditional environmental political thoughts and principles,environmental political system, behavior and development. What’s more, the author alsosummarized the characteristics of traditional environmental politics, revealed the rules andtrends of its development, affirmed its positive significance and contemporary value, and finallypointed out its historical limitations.Third, the author analyzed and concluded the basic thoughts related to environmental politicsof four schools of thoughts, Confucianism, Daoism, Buddism and Leaglism etc., and analyzedthe rules of communication, confrontation and combination among them. The author alsoanalyzed the characteristics of different nature, content and methods showed by environmentalpolitics and pointed out that the pluralism and accommodation are the guiding principles of thetraditional environmental politics. and the basic patterns and trends for the development ofthese schools of thoughts are self-adaptation and innovative development.Fourth, one of the important innovations of this paper is to analyze the running principlesand mechanism of the traditional political environment, by consulting different social andpolitical ideologies. The traditional social and political ideology of China is far different fromthe West. From the Xia Dynasty established in the21st century BC until1912when the newdemocratic constitution started in China, the traditional society is ruled by different dynastiesfor a long time. Such a long duration of dynastic politics is rare in the world. Based on the factof dynastic political ruling, we believe that the first principle of the traditional environmentpolitics is the "kingship". While, baed on the actual condition of the ecological field, the levelof economic and social development, the cognition of heaven and mankind, the rulerproposed and implemented some unique governance principles including constructing cities andtowns and planing districts and villages, adapting the shape of mountains and rivers, servinggovernance in line with time, constraining develop in with the changing rhythm of seasons,equity and justice, average and saving, creating the system civilization of protecting theecological environment and promoting the construction of environment political system and theimplement of environment political behaviors.Fifth, the frequent and mass natural disasters, especially the flood and droughts of largerivers stimulated the political wisdom of the ancestors to respond to environmental issues. Aseries of policies and measures like the establishment and the long-term adherence of Yu Hengmechanism, the great importance that Government attached to water conservancy projects andthe ongoing practices, planting trees based on local conditions, care for life and saving resources not only promoted the release of the tension between man and nature, but alsoincreased the awareness of environmental protection, nourished the ecological virtues. Therespond by the system to the contradiction between people and land, people and water forthousands of years provided us with valuable experiences and lessons to understand and graspthe evolution of the law and its institutional change of important environmental issues.The experience from the history taught us that any ideological principle and system that isreasonable and advanced in its time can be an important political resource. Such resources, ifbeing properly developed, would be able to properly take care the interests of the differentclasses and groups, help resolve social conflicts, change negative factors into positive, andfinally achieve social balance and protect social productive forces.Today, the achievements of China’s social development are remarkable, while theenvironmental challenge is also unprecedented. In order to promote the harmony andsustainable development of China that integrated herself into the world and the world thataccomodated China, we need a wisdom of self-adaptation and innovative development, and amind to seek the campatibility and balance of diverse values. To achieve the balance amongdifferent values is to promote the integration and transformation of them. The nature of such abalance is to define a more proper standard, which is also the ultimate pursue for this thesis toextend the research scope of environmental politics based on the study Chinese tradition.更多还原