【作者】 李晶；

【导师】 祁佩时； 马云；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工业大学 ， 环境科学与工程， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 我国寒冷地区自然湿地众多，冬季漫长而寒冷，夏季短暂而温暖，年平均气温低，气温年较差大，开展寒冷地区自然湿地研究对完善生态系统保护体系及可持续发展有着重要意义。针对寒冷地区自然湿地环境特征，以扎龙湿地为研究对象，系统地调查了扎龙湿地浮游植物群落时空分布特征；运用多元统计方法解析了扎龙湿地环境因子特征，将群落生态统计学方法应用于扎龙湿地环境因子与浮游植物群落结构动态关系研究，基于生物与理化指标耦合的方法评价了扎龙湿地营养状态，建立了基于生物指标的扎龙湿地水环境预测模型。本研究旨在较全面、系统地查明扎龙湿地浮游植物的群落生态学特征，探讨我国寒冷地区湿地浮游植物群落演替规律与环境演变的关系，同时为深入研究湿地浮游植物的长期变化、湿地生态系统动态变化机制、生物资源可持续利用、生态环境影响评价及生态环境保护措施的制定等提供基础资料和不可或缺的重要依据。通过扎龙湿地完整水文年的监测分析，查明了扎龙湿地浮游植物的种类组成和群落结构特征。扎龙湿地浮游植物种类繁多，组成复杂，经鉴定，共发现浮游植物303个分类单位，分别隶属于8门、11纲、24目、42科、93属、303种。扎龙湿地浮游植物种群丰富度存在时空异质性。扎龙湿地浮游植物丰度为409.52×10⁴个·L^-1。其中，以隐藻门丰度最大，为287.70×10⁴个·L^-1，占浮游植物丰度的70.25%；金藻门次之，为39.66×10⁴个·L^-1，占浮游植物丰度的9.68%；硅藻门居第3位，为23.09×10⁴个·L^-1，占浮游植物丰度的5.64%；其余门类丰度依次为蓝藻门17.15×10⁴个·L-（1占浮游植物丰度的4.19%）、裸藻门14.54×10⁴个·L^-1（占浮游植物丰度的3.55%）、绿藻门12.34×10⁴个·L^-1（占浮游植物丰度的3.01%）、甲藻门11.49×10⁴个·L^-1（占浮游植物丰度的2.80%），最小为黄藻门，仅为3.55×10⁴个·L^-1（占浮游植物丰度的0.87%）。扎龙湿地浮游植物丰度存在时空异质性。根据相似性系数进行聚类分析和多维定标分析，将枯、平、丰三个水期浮游植物群落结构分别分为4个、5个、5个组群。基于传统浮游植物系统学的群落结构研究方法，结合群落分析统计学原理，探讨扎龙湿地浮游植物群落结构与环境相关性。研究扎龙湿地不同水期环境因子主成分分析发现，对浮游植物起主要作用的指标中，枯水期和平水期非金属环境因子以物理指标为主，其次是有机、无机指标；丰水期非金属离子主成分主要为物理因子和生物因子；枯水期和丰水期对物种分布起主要作用的金属因子，分别为重金属和轻金属；平水期金属离子中轻金属是金属环境变化中的主要因素。通过去趋势分析对物种数据梯度判定，选择典型对应分析方法研究扎龙湿地浮游植物群落与环境因子的关系，得出枯、平、丰水期分别3个、9个、6个环境因子的回归图，浮游植物群落种类丰度与水环境有很好的回归关系。开展扎龙湿地浮游植物丰度、多样性、优势种群、指示生物法、污染指示值、综合营养状态指数法与水体状态的关系研究，探讨扎龙湿地水体状态时空变化趋势。从扎龙浮游植物丰度来看，所有水期的所有监测点位都为富营养型；从浮游植物多样性来看，扎龙湿地总体贫营养占4.11%，中营养占32.88%，富营养占65.75%；扎龙湿地浮游植物优势种存在时空差异，全年优势种为硅藻门的梅尼小环藻（Cyclotella meneghiniana）、隐藻门的啮蚀隐藻（Cryptomonaserosa）和绿藻门的狭形纤维藻（Ankistrodesmus angustus），可以推断全年属于中污带水质；从指示生物种类和污染指示值来看，浮游植物大部分种类属于α-中污带和β-中污带指示种，且指示的污染价较高，多污带指示种较少；从综合营养状态指数法来看，扎龙湿地中营养占16.44%，富营养占83.56%。总体来看，扎龙湿地总体以富营养状态为主，水体处于中污染状态。更多还原

【Abstract】 Our country has numerous natural wetlands in cold areas. It is characterizedby winter long while cold, summer short but warm, the low annual averagetemperature, the large annual temperature difference. It is important for improvingthe ecosystem protection and keeping sustainable development to research on coldregions natural wetland. For the characteristics of cold regions to the Zhalongwetland example, a systematic study was carried on spatial and temporalcharacteristics of phytoplankton community populations. Using multivariatestatistical methods, Zhalong wetland environmental factors were resolved.Community ecology statistical methods was applied to the dynamic relationshipstudy between environmental factors and phytoplankton community structure.Based on biological, physical and chemical indicators coupled, Zhalong wetlandsnutrition status was evalued while Zhalong wetland water environment predictionmodel was set up. The purpose of this study was to reflect the characteristics of thephytoplankton community ecology fully, perfectly and systematicely in Zhalongwetlands, explore our cold regions phytoplankton community succession laws andthe relationship with environmental evolution, as well as provide basic informationin-depth study of long-term changes in phytoplankton of wetlands, wetlandecosystem dynamics change mechanism, bio-sustainable use of resources,ecological environment impact assessment, the formulation of the ecological andenvironmental protection measures.By Zhalong wetland monitoring and analysis of the integrity hydrologicalyear, comprehensive, systematic phytoplankton identification, species compositionand community structure was obtained in our studied regions. It had a wide varietyof complex phytoplankton composition in the Zhalong wetland.303phytoplanktontaxa were identified, belonging to8divisions,11classes,24orders,42families,93genera and303species. Phytoplankton abundance of Zhalong wetlandsoccurred temporal and spatial heterogeneity. The Zhalong Wetland phytoplanktonaverage abundance was409.52×10⁴ind. L^-1. Of them, Dryptophyta had thehighest abundance with287.70×10⁴ind. L^-1and70.25%of the total abundance,Chrysophyta followed,39.66×10⁴ind. L^-1, accounting for9.68%, diatoms ranked3to23.09×10⁴ind. L^-1,5.64%of the total abundance; followed by Cyanophyta17.15×10⁴ind. L^-1（4.19%）, Euglenophyta14.54×10⁴ind. L^-1（3.55%）, theChlorophyta12.34×10⁴ind. L^-1（3.01%）, Dinophyta11.49×10⁴ind. L^-1（2.80%）,minimum Xanthophyta, only3.55×10⁴ind. L^-1（0.87%）. It occurredphytoplankton abundance temporal and spatial heterogeneity in Zhalong wetlands.Based on similarity coefficient, cluster analysis and multidimensional scale analysis （MDS） was carried on, water sampling points according on thephytoplankton community structure were divided into four, five, five groups.On the basis of traditional systematics of phytoplankton community, combinedwith the theory of community statistical analysis, we explored the relationshipbetween Zhalong wetlands phytoplankton community structure and environment.It was found from principal component analysis （PCA） for different environmentalfactors of Zhalong wetland that it played a major role to phytoplanktonnonmetallic environmental factors to physical indicators, followed by organic,inorganic indicators in the poor water period and the medium water. Non-metallicion main ingredient were the physical and biotic factors in the rich water period.Metal factors played a major role in the distribution of species, respectively, forthe heavy metals and light metal in the poor water period and the rich water period.The light metal metal ions in the metal environmental changes were the mainfactor in the medium water. By detrend analysis，it was determined the gradient ofspecies data to choose canonical correspondence analysis method to study therelationship between Zhalong wetland phytoplankton community andenvironmental factors. We obtained prediction maps of3,9,6environmentalfactors in the poor, medium and rich water period in Zhalong wetland and it hadgood regression for water environment.The Zhalong Wetland phytoplankton abundance, diversity, dominantpopulation, indicated taxa, pollution indicator values, trophic state index methodwere carried out to explore Zhalong wetland water status, its temporal and spatialtrends. View from the phytoplankton abundance, all the water of the monitoringsites were eutrophic. View from phytoplankton diversity,4.11%in oligotrophic,32.88%in mesotrophic,65.75%in eutrophic. It was different in space and time forZhalong wetlands phytoplankton dominant species. Cyclotella meneghiniana,Cryptomonas erosa and Ankistrodesmus angustus were dominant throughout theyear and we can infer water quality was in the dirt for the whole year. As wasshown from indicator organisms and pollution indicator values, phytoplanktonspecies belonging to the dirt with α-and β-in dirt indicator species, and wasindicative of a higher price, and more dirt with less taxa. from the trophic stateindex, accounted for16.44%in mesotrophic, accounted for83.56%of eutrophic.Overall, the Zhalong wetlands was mainly eutrophic state and in the moderatelypolluted state of water body.更多还原