【作者】 李超民；

【导师】 刘新庚；

【作者基本信息】 中南大学 ， 思想政治教育， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 众所周知,当代大学生是网络普及率最高的人群,在我国5.13亿网民中,大学生网民位居榜首。网络已经成为了大学生学习生活中不可或缺的工具,但同时大学生也越来越多地出现了沉迷于网络虚拟世界难以自拔的问题。我国在校大学生网瘾者的数量已超过30万,其中重度网瘾者数量达4万人之多。大学生网络成瘾引发了一系列的心理健康问题、思想行为问题乃至严重的社会问题。这不仅掣肘大学生的发展与成才,也事关整个国家和社会的长远发展。到底采用何种方法策略才能高效预防乃至彻底根除网瘾“顽疾”?这是新时期高校思想政治教育工作面临的时代新课题。当今,大学生网瘾的主要表现有以下五种类型,即大学生网络娱乐成瘾、网络信息成瘾、网络色情成瘾、网络关系成瘾和网络交易成瘾。其基本特征是：成瘾原因的多元复杂、成瘾内容的专业偏好、成瘾载体的工具多样、成瘾过程的博弈明显。网瘾给大学生的健康成长带来了严重的危害,它导致大学生的学业荒废、身体伤害、社交封闭、心理失调、道德滑坡、人格异化。从思想政治教育的学理视角审视,网络诱惑力是大学生网瘾形成的基本动力因素,思想追求偏颇是大学生网瘾形成的内在激发因素,慎独修养缺失是大学生网瘾形成的劣行惯性因素,社会环境恶化是大学生网瘾形成的外在驱动因素。从心理学视角审视,网络认知差异是大学生网瘾形成的前提条件,心理需求补偿是大学生网瘾形成的动机因素,心理情绪释放是大学生网瘾形成的持续力量,从众心理误导是大学生网瘾形成的外部诱因。从社会学视角审视,社会角色匿名是网瘾行为恣意的必备条件,社会支持不足是网瘾倾向强化的反向支撑,社会管理失控是网瘾问题恶化的主要原因。从传播学视角审视,网络受众角色嬗变是网瘾形成过程的关键要素,网络信息传播异化是网瘾程度恶化的直接原因,网络信息监控不力是网瘾内容泛化的重要因素。网瘾发展的过程机理,是大学生网瘾发展的思想轨迹、心理历程和行为机制三者的交互运行过程。就其思想轨迹而言,网瘾的萌芽阶段主要表现为思想认知的偏向,其网瘾的维持阶段主要表现为思想情感迷茫,其网瘾的完成阶段主要表现为理想信念动摇。就其心理历程而言,网瘾的初始阶段具有网络尝试心理,网瘾发展阶段具有网络依赖心理,网瘾成熟阶段具有网络痴迷心理。就其网瘾行为机制而言,大学生的网瘾发展是一个由良性网络行为渐变为猎奇网络行为,由猎奇网络行为演变为失范网络行为,由失范网络行为强化为恶性网络行为。因此,可以构建一个大学生网瘾“思想—心理—行为”三维运动发展的模型。大学生网瘾防治具有自身本质的原则与要求。其一,预防为先,以人为本是大学生网瘾防治的首要原则,预防为先是大学生网瘾防治的目标原则,以人为本是大学生网瘾防治的价值准绳。其二,疏导帮教,强化自律是大学生网瘾防治的方法原则,大学生网瘾的防治必须坚持疏导帮教的宗旨,大学生网瘾的防治必须强化自律自控的意识。其三,依法治网,积极干预是大学生网瘾防治的制度要求,合理合法是大学生网瘾防治的法制保障,积极干预是大学生网瘾防治的基本要求。其四,内外协作,综合施治是大学生网瘾防治的总体要求,内外协作是大学生网瘾防治联动策略的基本要求,综合治理是大学生网瘾防治联动机制的根本要求。网瘾动态监察反馈体系的创设是大学生网瘾防治的关键。该体系至少应该具有三个监察反馈系统,一是网络技术监察反馈系统,包括时间监察反馈系统、内容监察反馈系统和校内外联动监察反馈系统。二是群体自律监察反馈系统,包括寝室与班级自律监察反馈系统、党团学与社团组织自律监察反馈系统。三是人机互动监察反馈系统,包括“人脉—网络”网瘾监察反馈系统和“督导—报警”网瘾监察反馈系统。网瘾动态监察反馈运行,首先应该明确其运行的基本要求,即网络技术监察反馈要合法且自动报警可靠、群体自律监察反馈要充满热诚且职责分明、人机互动监察反馈要注重协调且讲究方法。其次,其动态监察反馈体系的运行应建立相应的保障制度,即警示教育制度、自我教育制度、疏导教育制度。最后,其动态监察反馈的实施要遵行科学步骤,当网瘾对象入网时应迅速监察检测,当网瘾者上网超时应及时反馈报警,当网瘾者流连忘返时应立即现场检校救助。网瘾干预矫治的具体方法也要系列进行拓展。诸如网瘾干预方法系列(包括思想调控法、心理介入法、行为干预法、团体干预法等)、网瘾矫治方法系列(包括思想疏导法、心理矫治法、情感调控法、生理辅助法等)与网瘾转化方法系列(思想转化法、实践体验法、行为规范法等)。大学生网瘾的防治还必须建立高校内外联动综治体系。一要建立校内教育管理系统,主要包括思想政治教育系统、校园文化管理系统、后勤服务管理系统。二要建立校外支持管理系统,主要包括网络社会管理系统、社区家庭管教系统、社会环境支撑系统。三要建立校内外联动综治机制,主要包括多元主体参与机制、内外沟通与协调机制和联动综治机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 As is well-known, with the highest Internet penetration rate, college student cyber citizens are at the top among the513million cyber citizens. Network has become an indispensable tool in the learning life of college students, however, at the same time, more and more college students are indulging in online virtual world. There are more than2million college student network-addicts in China, among which the number of severe addicts is as many as50million people. Students’network addiction leads to a series of mental health, ideological, behavioral problems, even a serious social problem, which not only constrains the development of college students, but also is related to the long-term development of the whole country and society. What kinds of efficient methods and strategies can be adopted to prevent or even completely eradicate the ills of addiction? This is a new issue in the ideological and political education work.Today, there are five types about college student network addiction, namely, college student network entertainment addiction, network information addiction network pornography addiction, network trading addiction. The characteristics of college student network addiction are diverse and complex reasons for addiction, professional preferences for addiction content, various tools for addiction carrier, apparent game of the addiction process. Addiction harms the healthy growth of college students seriously, which leads to the waste of students’school work, physical injuries, closed social intercourse, psychological disorders, moral decline, and personality alienation.From a theoretical view of the ideological and political education, the allure of network is the basic motivating factor; the pursuit of biased ideological is student addiction inherent motivating factor; the lack of self-supervision accomplishment is the bad inertia factor; the degradation of environment is social external drivers for student addiction. From a psychological perspective, as for student network addiction, the cognitive differences towards network are a prerequisite of student addiction; the compensation for psychological needs is the motivating factor; psychological and emotional release is the continued strength; the misleading of herd mentality is the external incentive. From a sociological perspective, the anonymity of social roles of is a prerequisite; the lack of social support is a reverse support to strength the addiction tendencies; social management out of control is the main cause. From the perspective of communication studies, for the deterioration of network addiction, the evolution of the network audience role is the key element; the alienation of the network information dissemination is the direct cause, the lack of network information monitoring is an the important factor for the generalization of addiction content.The mechanism of the development of network addiction is the interactive process of the ideological trajectory, the mental process and the behavioral mechanism during the development of college student network addiction. As for the ideological trajectory, the embryonic stage of the addiction mainly manifests the deviation of cognitive; the maintenance phase of network addiction is confused thinking and feeling; the stage of completion of network addiction is the shake of ideals and beliefs. As for the mental process, there is an attempt to network in the initial stage of addiction, network dependent psychology in the development stage of addiction, network obsess psychology in the mature stage of addiction. As for the behavioral mechanism, the development of college student network addiction is a gradual change from benign network behavior to the novelty network behavior, to the anomie network behavior, then to a vicious network behavior. Therefore, we can build a three-dimensional motion model of "thought-psycho-behavior" for college student network addiction.The prevention and treatment of internet addiction of college students has its own principles and requirements. First of all, the principle objectives of it are prevention first and the values of it are people first. Second, its methods and principles are undertaking education and dredge and consolidating the self discipline. It is necessary to adhere to the purpose of undertaking education and dredge and to consolidate the self-discipline and the self-controlling consciousness. Third, the institutional requirement of it is controlling the network by law and positive intervention. Being lawful and reasonable is the law safeguard of it and positive intervention is the basic requirements of it. Forth, intra and inter-collaboration and comprehensive treats are the overall requirements of it, of which the former is the basic requirements of its interaction strategy and the latter the fundamental requirements of its interaction mechanism.The design of the system of dynamic monitoring feedback is the key of it.The system should at least include three monitoring feedback systems:one is network technology monitoring feedback system which is composed of time monitoring feedback system, monitoring feedback system and intramural and extramural interaction monitoring feedback system; one is group self-discipline which is composed of dormitory and class monitoring feedback system, political parties and other organizations monitoring feedback system; the last one is man-machine interaction monitoring feedback system which is composed of "human relationships-network" internet addiction monitoring feedback system and "supervision-warning" internet addiction monitoring feedback system.When operating the internet dynamic monitoring feedback system first of all we must be clear about its basic operational requirements that’s to say, network technology monitoring feedback must be lawful and group self-discipline fanatical and clear responsibilities and automatic-alarm reliable and man-machine interaction monitoring feedback on coordinate and methodical. Next, when we operate it, we should build relative guaranty system which is composed of warning education system and self-education system and educational guidance system. Last, when operating it we should follow scientific steps.when network strong interest person goes on line we should quickly monitor them; when he or she has spent much time on the internet, we should immediately give an alarm; when he or she is addicted to going on line, we should go to the spot and stop him or her from it.The concrete method of interference and correction of internet addiction also needs to be systematically expanded such as series of internet addiction interference methods (including thought-controlling method,mind-intervening method, action-intervening method and group-intervening method) and series of internet addition treatment methods and series of internet addition conversion methods.The prevention and treatment of internet addiction of college students must also establish intramural and extramural interaction system. First we should establish intramural management system which is mainly composed of ideological and political education system and campus culture management system and logistics service management system.Second we should establish extramural supportive management system which is mainly composed of society management system and social environment-supporting system.Third we should establish intramural and extramural interaction mechanism which is mainly composed of multi-body participation mechanism and internal and external communication and coordination mechanism and interaction comprehensive mechanism.更多还原