【作者】 杨秀苗；

【导师】 王平；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 明清英雄传奇小说中,水浒系列、杨家将系列、说岳系列、以及赵匡胤发迹变泰系列都是以宋代历史为背景,可以说是英雄传奇流派的主要组成部分,不仅数量繁多,题材内容以类相从,作品故事和人物也相互联系、相互交叉,涵盖宋代的各个时段。这些小说虽然除领衔的《水浒传》之外没有更多的堪称一流的名著,但是其中亦有不少作品具有相当的成就和影响,数百年来,为数甚众的读者对这些小说阅读的热情历久不衰,因而这部分英雄传奇小说是值得重视的。基于这种认识,本文拟就以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说为研究对象,对它们的发展概况、人物形象塑造、思想文化内涵以及审美特征等方面作力所能及的探讨和分析,同时结合时代特点,寻绎该类小说得以自立且兴盛一时的文化缘由,全面深入剖析该类型小说的文化构成及其影响。明嘉靖年间《水浒传》的印刷出版对于英雄传奇小说的发展具有极其巨大深远的意义。随着它大范围内广泛而迅速的传播,在其思想和艺术方面巨大成就的影响之下,出现了许多英雄传奇小说的创作,明代中后期,以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说创作呈现出欣欣向荣的状态。明清易代的历史变革使英雄传奇作家开始对社会历史、政治、人生等问题进行深入反思,从而导致了英雄传奇小说思想内容的深刻。同时英雄传奇作家们吸取了明代英雄传奇的创作经验,对奇与真、虚与实、人与事、雅与俗等创作理论问题有了更深刻的理解,加上长期的艺术积累,英雄传奇小说在艺术上也已成熟。思想的深刻和艺术的成熟使得以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说在清前期达到了成熟的阶段。清中叶英雄传奇作品数量仍有很多,但都是前代的续书,有的在前作的基础上有所创新,写得曲折生动,人物形象比较突出,但更多的是模仿多,创新少,艺术水平比较平庸。到清代后期,英雄传奇小说中草莽英雄本色尽失,以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说的生命也就终止了。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说融合了相当复杂的、不同历史时期和不同社会群体的思想文化意识,包含着深厚的、复杂的思想文化意蕴。这部分作品中大部分都以关乎国家和民族存亡的历史事件为主要内容,歌颂在拯救民族、保卫国家的斗争中功勋卓著的爱国英雄,他们为国家、民族和人民而战,具有强烈的民族责任感和使命感,体现出高度的奉献精神和牺牲精神。所以,英雄传奇小说在抒写对英雄们的崇拜和敬仰背后,传达的是一种坚定浓烈的爱国主义情怀。儒家思想博大精深,自产生以来,就对中华民族的社会政治活动、经济、文化、军事以及人们的价值观等各方面都有着极为深刻的影响。这种影响体现在以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说的创作中,最明显的表现是在小说创作中对儒家“仁政王道”社会理想有着艺术的描绘,对“忠”、“义”、“孝”等伦理观念有着艺术的演绎。从伦理思想的角度研究英雄传奇,能够发现作品中具有强烈的道德力量。宗教对中国古代各种文化意识的影响是广泛而深刻的,其中自然包括对文学创作的深刻影响。在以宋代为背景的英雄传奇作品里出现了一些救苦救难的神佛形象、星宿下凡行善作恶、凡人死后上天入地、看不懂的天书、战无不胜的宝物、制服自然的神奇等等。把这些描写一概看作封建迷信未免有简单化之嫌,从宗教学的角度看,它给文学一种深不可测的人生意蕴和超尘拔俗的升华幻想,作者借助宗教的灵光超脱了现实,同时也将世俗人情在宗教的世界里表现出来。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇作品创造了众多的英雄形象,这些人物命运不同,个性各异,但都跃然纸上,几百年来,一直活在读者的心中。个性特征比较鲜明的像以宋江、杨六郎、岳飞、狄青等为代表的正统英雄形象,他们是左右作品故事情节发展的核心人物,他们往往集合了忠、义、孝、仁、智、勇等封建社会的各种优秀美德,是一个接近作者心目中“完美”的英雄形象。但他们在相似中又有不同,每个人都有自己独特的音容笑貌,有不同的人生遭遇和其异如面的性格。另一类特色鲜明并贯穿英雄传奇创作始终的是喜剧英雄形象,比较典型的有李逵、牛皋、焦赞、郑恩、焦廷贵等。他们淳朴率真的性格具有一种纯真的喜剧精神,与正统英雄相比,他们不受传统礼法的束缚,对统治者和黑暗的社会有更坚决的反抗意识,与普通民众更为接近,得到了人民群众广泛的喜爱。小说中还出现了女性英雄群体的形象,她们的飒爽英姿成为英雄传奇小说中一道靓丽的风景。除了英雄群像,小说中还描写了其他诸多的人物形象,像高俅、秦桧、潘仁美等残害忠良的奸臣形象也给读者留下了深刻的印象。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说还具有独特的审美特征,这表现在塑造英雄形象的典型崇高、情节结构的奇幻以及浓郁的悲剧色彩几个方面。英雄传奇作者刻画的英雄是真实而超群的艺术形象,他们是英雄典型,具有震撼人心的艺术力量和千古若活的艺术生命力,这种英雄典型,显示了崇高的壮美。英雄传奇主要写兴废战争之奇人奇事,情节惊险离奇,文势变化多端,英雄传奇作品描写的奇人奇事,曲折多变的故事情节,产生了强大的艺术感染力。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说有浓郁的悲剧色彩,家亡国破的哀痛,生灵涂炭的哀怨,忠奸斗争的感愤和忧患等渗透在几乎所有的作品中,其中英雄人物的悲惨遭遇最让人沉痛悲愤。英雄人物的悲剧既是道德的悲剧,也是社会的悲剧、历史的悲剧,体现在最深的层次便是人本悲剧。在动荡的时代,黑暗腐朽的社会里,人们无法把握自己的命运,奋起反抗又无所摆脱长久以来的道德束缚,悲剧人物虽都有壮美的人生年华,但其结果却是悲惨壮烈的。它所留给后人的是强烈的悲愤,沉痛的哀思和无尽的思索。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说在明中叶到清中叶出现了一度繁盛的局面,探究其原因,有文学及经济、政治、思想、军事等多个方面。以宋代为背景的英雄传奇小说都是远在它们产生之前就有丰富的文学创作和传说,不仅有小说,还有戏曲及各种民间说唱形式,英雄传奇小说将宋元话本、元明戏曲、杂史稗抄及口头传承的零星片断综合起来,加以条理化、充实化和定型化,或依靠演义小说本身,或为后来戏剧及曲艺的大繁荣和再创造提供一个可供发挥的基本依据,通过民族意识的灌输感染,在民众中产生了广泛的影响。小说批评家的文学理论对英雄传奇的创作起了很大的推动作用,袁于令、金圣叹、金丰等主张英雄传奇创作以奇幻为贵,要同历史书严格区别开来,符合了英雄传奇创作的规律,从而使英雄传奇小说创作能够沿着健康的方向发展。城市商品经济的发展,不仅产生了通俗文学的读者,而且也准备了通俗文学繁荣的物质条件,即印刷出版事业的兴旺。英雄传奇小说不断被刻印,读者群体日益扩大,英雄传奇小说正是在这样的条件下发展兴盛起来。明清时期政治腐败,贪官污吏互相勾结、狼狈为奸,权奸把持朝政,残害忠良,同时又外患不断。内忧外患的的社会现实深深地影响了英雄传奇小说的创作,人们通过英雄传奇作品歌颂英雄,谴责奸佞,使得英雄传奇具有鲜明的政治倾向性。明中后期王学左派新的反封建主义思想和文学理论,以及清初的启蒙思想,都对英雄传奇的发展,起了有力的促进作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Heroic Legends in Ming and Qing dynasties such as Water Margin series novels,YangJiaJiang novels,YueFei novels and ZhaoKuangyin novels etc all take Song Dynasty as the background,They are the main components of the Heroic Legends. Besides the large quantity, these novels’ subject is also similar, the story and characters also have mutual connection cross each other. Except Water Margin, most of these novels are not the first-class classic, but most of them also have considerable achievement and influence. Thousands of readers have enthusiasm for the novels for hundreds of years, so we should pay more attention to this kind of legendary novel. Based on this understanding, this paper aims to take the series hero legendary novels in the background of Song Dynasty as the research object. And their development situation, characterization, cultural connotation and aesthetic features are mainly be studied and discussed. In combination with the characteristics of era, this article try to find out the cultural reason that why these novels can be self-reliance and even be flourished;analyzes cultural composition and influence of this type of novel comprehensively.In the Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty, The printing and publishing of Water Margin had great far-reaching significant to the development of the Hero legendary novels. As its widely and rapidly spread to a great extended area, its great success both in thoughts and artistic has influenced the creation of a series of Hero legendary novels. During the late Ming Dynasty, a great numbers of the heroic legends set in Song Dynasty were created. The historical changes of The Ming and Qing Dynasty make people began to rethink profoundly issues related to social history, politics, life, which added more deep thought to their works. At the same time, with the experience from the former writer of Ming Dynasty, they got more profound understanding of theoretical issues of creation, such as strange and true, virtual and actual, people and things, elegant and philistine. On the other hand, the write themselves also got a lot of experience. With reasons above, the Hero legendary novels finally matured in art. Deep thoughts and mature art form make the hero legendary novels which take Song Dynasty as the background to a mature stage in the early Qing Dynasty. There are still a lot of hero legendary novels produced in the middle period of Qing Dynasty. But most of them are former generation of renewal books. Some of them have made innovation in the basis of the previous novels, becoming more vivid, and the character image is more outstanding, but most are imitative for lack of innovation. So these novels are just on average level. In the late Qing Dynasty, the hero legendary novels lost their Quality and charm, and the life of legendary hero novels come to the end finally.The Heroic legends in the background of Song Dynasty have fuse fairly complex culture consciousness of different historical periods and different social groups. Therefore they contains profound and complex culture connotation. Most of the fiction always take historical events that have close contact with the survival of the country or nation as the main content and praise the distinguished patriotic heroes who save the nation. They fight for the country with a strong sense of responsibility. So from the description of adoration to the heroes, we can see a firm strong patriotism emotion in the legendary novels. Chinese traditional Confucian thought has a deep influence on every aspect in ancient China such as social politics, economy, culture, military and people’s value and so on. This kind of influence is embodied in the creation of hero legendary novels whose creative background is in Song Dynasty. The most obvious manifestation in the novels is the art deduction of the Confucian thoughts about "benevolent government and kingly way" and the social ideal about "loyalty","justice" and "filial piety". Read these hero legendary novels from the perspective of ethics, we can feel strong moral strength.Religion has profound influence on ancient Chinese cultural consciousness, and certainly including the literary creation. There are some religious plots in these legendary hero novels,such as the merciful bodhisattva,the image of immortal,the magical gobbledygook,invincible treasures and so on.We should not regard this kind of description as feudal superstition simply. From the point of religious view, it gives an unfathomable life meaning and a fantastic sublimation to the literature creation. The authors tried to surmount the reality with the tool of religion inspiration, and at the same time showed a secular life in the religious world.The legendary hero novels in the background of Song Dynasty created many hero images, though different fate and character they have, their vivid image has been living in the heart of the readers for hundreds of yeas. There are some representative characters such as Song Jiang, YangLiulang, Yue Fei and Di Qing who have great personality characteristics. As a representative of the orthodox hero image, they are always the core characters who decide the development of the story. The orthodox hero often have the Feudal society’s virtue such as loyal, righteousness, filial piety, benevolence, wisdom and brave which are very close to the author’s "perfect" hero image. But they also have differences in similar, everyone has their own unique laugh and they have different life and character. Another type of distinctive characteristics in the legendary novels is the comedy hero images. Li Kui, Niu Gao, Zheng En, Jiao Tinggui, etc. are the typical characters. Their honest and frank character has a pure comedy spirit, compared to orthodox hero, they are not bound by traditional rites and they often have a more assertive rebellion consciousness against the rulers and the darkness of society, which take them more close to ordinary people and get wide favors from masses. The image of heroine also appeared in these novels, their beauty and brave become unique and beautiful scenery in the legendary novels. In addition to the hero group, the author also describes many other characters, like Gao Qiu, Qin Hhi, Pan Renmei etc. these treacherous characters who persecute the faithful and honest also left a deep impression to the readers.In the background of the Song Dynasty,the novels still have unique aesthetic characteristics.This shows up in several ways by shaping the image of the typical noble hero,the fantasy of structure and plot and the tragic color of the novels. The sagas describe real and super art images of heroes.They are typical heroes with shocking artistic force and lasting artistic vitality.These typical heroes show the highest of the sublime.The saga write the extraordinary wonders of the Rise and Fall of the war.The plots are thrilling and bizarre and the article content varies.The extraordinary wonders and the variable stories of saga works results in a strong artistic appeal.The Hero legends written in the background of Song Dynasty have rich color of tragedy.Home subjugation breaking sorrow,the moans of the loss of life,the sense of outrage of faithfulness struggle and suffering penetrate in almost all the works.The tragedy of the heroes makes people bitter and grief most.The tragedy of the hero is both a moral tragedy,but also a social tragedy,the tragedy of history,which is the human tragedy if reflected at the deepest level. In turbulent times and dark and decadent society, the people can not grasp their own destiny and resist nothing to get rid of the shackles of long-standing moral.Tragic figures have a magnificent life,but the results were tragic and heroic.What it left to future generations is the intense grief, bitter grief and endless thinking. The Heroic Legends in the background of Song Dynasty showed a prosperous situation from the middle of Ming Dynasty to the middle of Qing Dynasty.The reasons involve the factors of literature, economic, political, ideological, military, etc.There have been a rich literary creation and legends before the legendary hero novels,besides novels, there are operas and various kinds of folk rap form,too. Legendary hero novels combined the Song Yuan story-telling scripts, the YuanMing opera,unofficial history and oral traditional story together, then organized to provide a foundation to the later drama or legendary novels. Through the infusion of national awareness, these novels produced a broad impact among ordinary people. The literary theories of the novel critics promoted the creation of hero legendary.The novel critics,such as Yuan Yuling, Jin Shengtan,Jin Feng, etc, valued fantasy most in Hero Legendary creation and made it distinguished with the History Books strictly,which complied with the law of the Hero Legendary creation,thus leading the hero legend novel creation to a road of healthy development.The development of urban commodity economy,not only created mass readers of the popular literature, but also got prepared for the material conditions for the prosperity of the popular literature,namely the printing and publishing industry boom.Under the conditions of constant mint-marked Hero Legendary novels and expanding of the readers,the Hero Legendary novels boomed.The Ming and Qing Dynasties were a period characterized by political corruption,collusion of corrupt officials,the treacherous court officials in power and persecuting loyal and upright ones,which deeply affected the creation of Hero Legendary novels,by which novelists praised heroes,condemning the evil counselors,showing a distinct political tendency in legendary hero novels. Both Wang yangming’s theory about feudalism and literature in the middle of Ming dynasty and the enlighten mental thought in early Qing Dynasy play a large role in promoting the development of legendary novels.更多还原