【作者】 陈晓洁；

【导师】 王汶成；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 文学与艺术传播， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 如今的时代被冠以各种名目繁多的称号：全球化时代、电子时代、读图时代、网络时代、信息时代、数字化时代等等,不管从哪个角度去指称当下这个时代,无可否认的是我们都已经认识到这是一个与以前大不相同的时代,这个时代的文化、社会正在经历着全方位的转型和变革,这种变革突出体现在媒介的影响力上,从信息传播的角度来看,这是一个媒介的时代,媒介深刻地影响着社会生活的方方面面,同时也把它强大的作用力辐射到文学活动。任何历史现象的研究都要将其置于整体的宏观视角才能真正了解局部的内涵和价值,因为“只有这个整体,才是一种可以自行说明问题的研究范围。”对于文学研究来说,这个整体就是指处在媒介多元化转型中的当代社会。文学的生存环境和发展境况已经发生变化,在市场、意识形态、文化建制、学术惯性等众多因素的操控下,文学表现出与以往不同的样态、原则和秩序等,文学的属性呈现出多样化,文学的价值标准日趋多元化。在这样的背景之下,很难有纯粹的文学问题,也很难为媒介时代的文学确定唯一的属性,但是我们可以借助一个切入点来考察文学的时代特征,这就是文学与媒介的关系。归根到底,文学首先是一种基于媒介的艺术,媒介的形态特征必然会影响到文学传播活动的各个环节和整体面貌。媒介借助自身的特性塑造了特定的传播环境,在特定媒介环境中发生的文学活动自然受到这个环境的影响,同时文学活动又会反作用于它所产生的媒介环境,在这种交互关系中,无论是作者与媒介,文本与媒介,还是读者与媒介的关系,都对文学传播的具体形态和效果产生着直接或间接的影响,因此,文学与媒介的关系成为文艺传播学的理论焦点和学科支撑点就成为顺理成章的事情。研究文学与媒介的关系既是对文学现实处境的回应,也体现了当下学术融合和学科交叉发展的趋势。在这方面已经有不少研究成果值得借鉴,本文选择了一个比较新的角度和方法来探讨文学与媒介的关系,那就是借助一个新兴的传播学研究流派——媒介环境学来探讨文学传播活动与媒介形态特性所构建的媒介环境之间交叉逆反的互动过程和历史演变轨迹。这种新视角既是文学与媒介之关系研究的具体化尝试,也是一个相对比较新的跨学科研究课题。论文借鉴现象学方法力求回到事物本身的存在方式,以及主体间性的研究模式追问文学与媒介之间互为存在主体的复杂关系,致力于为文学传播学研究贡献一些基础理论。论文的主体框架包括六大部分：导论主要介绍论文选题的由来、文献综述、研究方法等相关背景材料。第一章对论文中涉及到的主要概念及主要理论工具进行了规范和梳理,以便在随后的论述中保持逻辑上的清晰和连贯。第二章和第三章是从不同的侧面和角度阐释文学传播活动和媒介环境的互动关系,属于对二者关系的宏观性把握。第四章把文学与媒介的关系研究引向微观领域,借助媒介环境学的“情境”理论分析文学传播与电子媒介环境的关系。结语部分探索文学和媒介的发展趋势等问题。导论部分主要介绍论文选题的由来及研究意义、相关研究成果综述以及论文研究的基本思路和解决的主要问题,明确为什么要研究文学和媒介的关系,用什么理论视角研究,研究什么等基本问题。本文的选题是为了回应时代对文学以及文艺学研究提出的新问题,同时引入传播学的新成果,拓展深化文学传播学研究。通过对相关文献的梳理发现,如今的文学传播学已经基本获得了学科自足性,可以总结出一些一般性的假设。目前国内文学传播学研究存在多种研究维度,大多数研究成果都是站在文学史或者文学理论的立场上,分析文学受到媒介的什么影响,对于如何把文学和媒介放在一个互动的主体间性的框架中,思考二者的辩证关系的理论研究还比较欠缺。而且在这些研究成果中,侧重分析传播者、文本、社会文化等因素的比较多,对文学传播的媒介环境关注不多。因此文学传播学研究在如何还原并真正理解媒介环境所发挥的影响和作用方面还有很多工作要做。第一章对论文中涉及到的主要概念——文学传播和媒介形态,以及论文研究的主要理论工具——媒介环境学进行了简要的界定和规范,并且对媒介环境学的发展概况进行以点带面式的梳理。文学传播是指文学活动中信息传递的结构系统。媒介形态是指在不同历史、社会、文化环境中的媒介(尤其是社会主导媒介)所呈现出来的形式和特性。媒介环境学兴起于上世纪五、六十年代,如今已经发展成为与经验学派和批判学派并立的传播学第三种研究范式。媒介环境学是西方研究媒介形态的主要学术群体,它改变了西方媒介理论研究长期以来把媒介所传达的内容作为主要研究对象的状况,把关注点放在媒介本身。认为媒介是一种本体性的存在,从长远的社会发展来看,媒介才是真正的信息。这个学派从研究媒介的形态特性出发,考察不同的媒介如何构建了不同的媒介环境,并进而对社会文化产生深远影响。媒介环境学在三个层面上展开对媒介的学术探究：作为符号环境的媒介,作为感知环境的媒介,以及作为社会环境的媒介。无论是把媒介作为抽象的符号环境或者作为外在物化的可感知的环境来研究媒介与人的感知、思维等之间的互动关系,还是作为人与人构成的社会环境来研究媒介与社会的共生关系,其研究的基本出发点都可以归结到人。由此可以看出,虽然媒介环境学研究的对象是媒介,但其关注的焦点是媒介与人的关系。通过概括梳理芒福德、朗格、伊尼斯、麦克卢汉、波斯曼、翁、梅洛维茨、莱文森等媒介环境学代表人物的理论,以点带面地展示了这种研究范式的具体内涵和风范。在肯定其在本体论、认识论和目的论上有所突破的同时,也指出其不足和缺陷。为避免这些不足和缺陷,我们在借助媒介环境学理论分析文学传播活动时要注重关注人的能动性,辩证地分析二者的互动关系。第二章的主要内容是阐述作为环境的文学传播媒介的具体特性和结构。论文在人与媒介互动的框架内宏观地把握文学传播媒介的内涵及其塑造的媒介环境,在媒介环境学的理论视阈下对文学传播媒介的本体性存在进行形态和动态分析。从形态分析来看,文学传播媒介表现为符号媒介和物质媒介的统一。符号媒介用线性排列的方式表现为时间结构,物质媒介以一定的空间体积表现为空间结构,二者统一起来构成文学传播媒介。符号媒介和物质媒介共同参与了文学的符号环境和感知环境的塑造。文学传播媒介既是作为符号环境的媒介,又是作为感知环境的媒介,作为符号环境的文学媒介的作用倾向于在变动中维持文学观念的同一性,维护文学活动的延续性。作为感知环境的文学媒介虽然在很长一段历史时期保持了相对稳定,但是一旦发生重大变化,将会极大地改变我们的文学观念和文学实践。文学媒介所塑造的符号环境和感知环境相互参与对方的建构过程,二者统一于文学传播活动的社会文化环境。从动态分析来看,媒介是文学传播活动中的能动性因素,在文学创作、文学流通、文学接受的环节中都存在着人与媒介之间互为主客体的间性作用,表现为不同层次的多重媒介化。创作主体、接受主体和传播主体之间基于媒介产生的信息交流和循环互动,使文学传播媒介呈现出多层次交互式的动态结构,同时也塑造了多层次的文学传播媒介环境。第三章以媒介环境及其历史演变为坐标分析文学传播活动和媒介环境之间的互动关系。文学传播活动是人与媒介的互动,这种互动关系的特殊性表现在它是围绕语言进行的具有修辞意义的互动关系,是在一定的符号环境和感知环境中发生的情感和审美的多层次交互运动。媒介环境构成文学活动的基础和背景,文学四要素作者、读者、世界、作品都是在一定媒介环境中实现自身的意义和存在。同时文学对媒介环境也具有能动作用,主要表现在文学传播对媒介形式的选择和对媒介环境的塑造等方面。传播的历史也是集体知识积累和传承的过程,这个过程是信息传播的规模和效率两方面相互作用的结果。媒介环境与信息传播的规模和效率之间存在相辅相成的互动关系,表现在一定的媒介环境决定了人的传播方式和效果,因此也就决定了传播规模和效率；而人类发展历史过程中,不同的信息传播规模和效率也选择造就了相应的媒介环境。文学作为集体知识的一种,在符合这一基本规律的同时,也在媒介演变的不同历史时期呈现出特殊的信息传播的规模与效率之间的关系。以媒介环境的演变为坐标,文学传播史经历了口语媒介、文字印刷媒介、大众媒介三个阶段,每一种传播媒介都对应着特定的创作方式和接受方式。在历史梳理的基础上,论文提出了在文学史研究中引入媒介环境视阈的主张。认为文学史研究需要从文学属性多样化和文学价值多元化的理论基点出发,改变“唯杰作”传统,重新阐释已有的历史文献,重新发掘整理与媒介演变、编辑出版以及跨文化跨地域的文学传播活动有关的史料,在媒介环境的视阈下重新审视一些习以为常的结论,或者曾被忽视的见解和史实,揭示它们新的价值和意义。第四章在前两章宏观论述的基础上尝试进行立足于当下电子媒介环境的微观研究。借助麦克卢汉、戈夫曼、梅洛维茨等人的理论,考察文学传播活动在媒介构筑“情境”的过程中发挥了什么作用,将研究引向深入和具体,弥补媒介环境学研究过于空泛的不足。情境是指在信息传播过程中人与感知场之间信息流动的方式。情境是媒介环境的产物,它把媒介和人的行为联系起来,其本质是一套行为规则,每套行为规则就像一层“膜”一样包裹着情境,各种情境的膜相互融合交错共同构成社会环境的“皮肤”,是社会得以维持行为合理化和信息流动的保障。电子媒介的视觉听觉再现和传递能力使信息视觉化、即时化,使我们的生活在真实和虚拟之间模糊了界限。从而改变了原有媒介环境建构起来的情境之膜,重构了情境的“前台”和“后台”区域,使后台前台化,前台后台化。文学既是情境的“档案”又是情境产生的来源之一。人在社会化过程中形成的“文学记忆”对情境的塑造发挥了潜移默化的影响。电子媒介的编码行为产生了两个后果：一个是创造了表征性的视觉媒介,一个是创造了远程通讯媒介。这两个后果虽然创造了新的情境,但是并不意味着改变了人们选择行为范式的方法和原则,人们对待新情境的方式从根本上说是适应而不是断裂。因此,电子媒介环境中的情境依然需要文学记忆,文学与电子媒介环境在塑造情境过程中同样存在互动共生的关系。但是文学记忆的主要来源是文字传播渠道,显然无法完全处理汇聚在电子媒介信息流中呈现多种形式的非线性编码信息,由此可能导致信息的失真和耗散,增加信息的熵值。结语部分对文学传播活动以及媒介环境的演变做了比较乐观的预测。文学是人类观照内心世界的“镜子”,文学的边界会随着媒介环境的变化而相应发生变化,但是文学依然存在。我们要客观地分析“文学消亡论”的言说立场。从文学与媒介互动的视角来看,媒介影响文学的同时,文学也在向媒介进行全方位的渗透和影响,随着文学观念、文学话语、文学叙事等的扩散,文学的深度模式等本质特征会慢慢从其他媒介艺术中体现出来。但是文学观照人的心灵世界的重要作用和价值是其他媒介形式的艺术无法替代的。最后总结了论文的借鉴意义以及存在的不足,提出了今后研究工作的方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The current age has many names:Globalization Age, Electronic Age, Picture Age, Internet Age, Information Age, and Digital Age. No matter what perspective we use to name the current age, we undeniably acknowledge that this is a very different age with the previous ones. The culture and society in this age is undergoing all-dimensional transformation and reform, which are largely influenced by media. From the perspective of information transmission, this is an age of media, in which media deeply influence all aspects of social life and radiate its influence to literary activities. The study on any historical phenomenon should be conducted with macro perspective and treat the phenomenon as a whole. Only in this way could the connotation and value be truly understood. The current society under the transformation of media will be the whole to study literature. The living environment and development of literature has changed. Manipulated by several factors, such as market, ideology, culture system and academic conventions, literature shows different patterns, principles and orders. Its property and value standard become diversified. Under this background, it is hard to find a pure literary question and determine the only property of literature in media age. However, we could examine the age characteristics of literature with the help of breakthrough point, which is the relationship between media and literature. All in all, literature is an art based on media, whose forms and characteristics could influence every link and overall shape of literature communication. Hence, the relationship between literature and media becomes the theoretical focus and discipline support for artistic communication.To study relationship between literature and media is needed by the actuality of literature and could reflect the tendency of academic integration and interdiscipline. It could expand new field for literature and Study of Literature and Art, and reflect the localization of Communication Study. There have many research results in this aspect. This article chooses a new perspective, i.e. media ecology, to discuss the relationship between literature and media. Media ecology is used to explore the interactive process and development between literature communication and media environment. And it is a relatively new interdisciplinary research. This dissertation has six parts. Introduction is mainly about the reason to choose this topic, literature review and methods used. The first chapter explains the concepts and theories used in the dissertation so as to make the whole article concise and coherent. The second and third chapter makes macro narration on the interaction between literature communication and media ecology. The fourth chapter guilds the research into micro field and analyzes the relationship between literature communication and electronic media ecology by the Situations Theory. The conclusion probes the development tendency of literature and media.Introduction is mainly about the reason to choose this topic, its meanings, literature review, methods used and questions to be addressed. This part will provide the theory and background support to this research and explains why to do this research, what perspective used, what problems to be addressed, the deficiencies of current researches, and concludes the influence and effects of media ecology in literature communication.The first chapter explains the concepts and theories used in the dissertation such as the concepts of literature communication and media ecology, so as to make the whole article concise and coherent. It also describes the development of media ecology. Media ecology is a new paradigm of Mass Communication Study originated in1950s and1960s and becomes a major method to study media. For a long time, the matter communicated by media was the target of media research, but gradually the focus of the research became the information transmitted by medium itself. Different media construct different media ecology. The media ecology and its changes pose in-depth influence to society and culture. Although the target of media ecology is media, its focuses are the influence of media to people and interaction between people and media. The dissertation generally exhibits and analyzes the connotation and viewpoints of this paradigm. Last, the article points out the meaning to analyze literature communication with media ecology theory and problems need to be addressed. The second chapter describes the characteristics and structure of literature communication media in the media ecology vision. In a macro way, it introduces the connotation of literature communication media and the media ecology that it builds. Literature communication media is not the single and fixed signified. It is the integration of symbol media and material media. Symbol media demonstrates time with linear array while material media demonstrates space with material volume. Literature communication media is not only the media of symbol environment, but also the media of perception environment. Both symbol media and material media engage in the building of literary symbol environment and perception environment. From the perspective of the dynamic analysis, media is the initiative factor of literature communication. In the process of literary creation, communication and reception, there are interaction between people and media, with one as the subject and the other as object.The third chapter analyzes the interactive relation between literature communication and media ecology on the basis of the media ecology and its historical development. Literature communication is the interaction between people and media. The specialty of this relation is that it is the multi-tiered interaction with rhetoric meaning centered on language. Media ecology constructs the foundation and background for literary activities. The four elements of literature, which are author, reader, world and works, all realize their meaning in the specific media ecology. Meanwhile, literary works also have initiative effect on media ecology. Literature communication has been going through three processes, which are oral media, character-printing media and mass media. Each kind of communication media has its own creation and reception methods.The fourth chapter tries to conduct micro study based on electronic media ecology. It adopts the theory of Joshua Meyrowitz and studies the interactive relation between literature communication and present electronic media ecology. It analyzes the imperceptible influence of "literary memory" formed during socialization on human’s perception and acts in this electronic media society.The conclusion makes optimistic forecast on development of literature communication and media ecology. Literature is the mirror for human being to know their inner world. The boundary of literature will change while media ecology changes, but the literature is still there. While media is influencing the literature, literature is also infiltrating and influencing media in an all-round way. However, the literature’s important role and value in reflecting human’s soul cannot be replaced by other arts.更多还原