【作者】 张彦；

【导师】 刘平；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 专门史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 城市历史街区往往是“文化高地”与“经济洼地”的混合体,其发展常伴随着多重矛盾,其中最为突出的就是保护与开发的矛盾,在保护与开发的胶着与对抗中,许多历史街区要么在滚滚经济大潮中脱胎换骨,要么在残垣陋巷中苟延残喘,不管是哪种做法都悖逆了历史街区保护与发展的初衷,也在很大程度上伤害了社区居民的感情和利益。实际上,保护与开发的矛盾并不是不可调和的,其中它可以通过有机更新、发展旅游等途径获得新的活力和实现价值的再造与演进。然而在社区旅游发展实践中人们往往将注意力放在历史街区的保护和旅游产业水平的提升上,而忽略了历史街区中最自在的、最本质的社区发展问题,其结果是容易导致社区参与旅游不足,引发各种社会矛盾,并最终将社区旅游引向不持续。据前人的研究,社区参与旅游不足的原因有很多,其中最为本质的原因是居民权力的缺失与不足。鉴于此,为了切实推动历史街区中社区参与旅游的发展,促进历史街区保护与旅游开发的双赢,并进而实现社区与旅游的一体化发展,就必须摆正社区居民的主体性地位,对其进行全方位的旅游增权。本研究立足于山东省三个历史街区,采用定性与定量分析的方法,对社区旅游增权的基础理论、增权现状、影响机理、增权模式等进行了较为系统的探讨。具体而言：本研究的内容与结果主要包括以下几个方面：(1)在文献整理的基础上对社区旅游增权的理论进行了深入的探析。首先指出旅游增权理论是继社会交换理论、社会表象理论、利益相关者理论等之后的社区参与旅游研究的又一重要分析视角；在此基础上对旅游增权的政治思想基础、价值基础、社会基础和理论基础进行了识别和分析；然后重点分析了社区参与旅游的增权取向与历史街区中社区旅游增权的特性。(2)实证分析板块。主要包括两部分：质的分析和量的分析。在质的分析部分,笔者主要对济南两社区(依托于济南芙蓉街历史街区)、青岛济南路社区(依托于青岛中山路历史街区)、周村长安社区(依托于周村历史街区)各自的旅游增权现状及其共性进行了梳理,并结合以往研究和访谈结果,从宏观环境、基层组织、社区、个体和冲突五个角度分析了影响案例社区旅游增权的前置因素。在量的分析部分,主要分析了社区旅游增权的影响机理问题。研究结果表明四维增权的关键前置影响因素是不同的,经济、心理、政治和社会增权的关键影响变量分别为社区制度、个体性格、个体资源和人口流动；前置变量对四维增权的影响程度是有明显差异的,其中人口流动对社会增权的影响最大,公共政策、社区权力、个体资源、资源和利益冲突对政治增权的影响最大,市场经济、社区制度对经济增权的影响最大,个体性格、价值观和知识冲突对心理增权的影响最大；四维增权对社区旅游支持度、社区居民幸福感的影响也存在着差异,其中经济增权、心理增权和政治增权对社区旅游支持度的影响更大,社会增权对居民幸福感的影响更大。(3)在对以往研究进行系统分析的基础上,笔者结合案例分析和增权机理分析的结果构建了基于增权目标、增权受体、增权路径、增权向度、增权内容的五位一体的社区旅游增权模式。这一旅游增权模式呈现出以下特点,首先,这一旅游增权模式具有一定的系统性：其不仅仅考虑了增权受体的主体性问题和增权内容的全面性问题,而且还剖析了增权的时间序列性、增权的非单向性等问题,即回答了向谁增、增什么、怎么增系列问题。其次,这一旅游增权模式具有一定的理论高度：一方面体现在模式的架构是基于系统理论、旅游地生命周期理论、优势视角理论和产权理论的；另一方面体现在模式的关键理论观点具有一定的创新性。第三,这一旅游增权模式具有较强的指导意义：此模式的构建是基于本土化的案例分析和规范的增权机理分析,因此其具有较强的理论说服意义和实践指导意义。(4)为了从物质上和精神上为社区旅游增权发展提供有力的支持和保障,笔者还结合前人的研究和回归分析结果从以下几个方面提出了推动社区旅游增权发展的建议：适度留住社区居民,加快治理平台建设,推动社区制度建设,搞好社区组织建设,加大社区教育投入,建立健全沟通与合作机制等。基于以上分析,笔者对社区旅游增权的主要特点进行了归纳：首先,社区旅游增权是一个系统的工程,其不仅仅需要当地政府、社区居民、旅游企业、社会组织、旅游者等的多方参与与互动,而且还表现出较强的阶段演进性,即在不同的增权阶段,增权目标、增权内容、增权强度等都是不同的。第二,社区旅游增权是一个内生驱动与外在推动相结合的过程,即社区旅游增权不仅仅需要通过外部力量的介入和推动来激活社区居民特别是弱势群体的潜在力量(社区他增权),而且还需要社区居民自身不断发挥主动性并与政府力量、社会力量反复博弈(社区自增权),其中,后者是社区旅游增权的关键和核心,是社区旅游增权的高级发展阶段,其与社区自治是相对应的。第三,社区旅游增权受多因素影响,这些影响因素的作用对象和影响机理各不相同,但同时又彼此交融,即社区旅游增权是多因素共同发力的结果,其中任何一个因素发生了改变必将对社区旅游增权的整体效果产生不同程度的影响。第四,社区旅游增权的受体具有多层次性,不能笼统地界定为“社区”,为此在增权实践中首先要对历史街区社区中的居民进行摸底和分类,然后根据不同社区群体的特点进行增权设计和安排,即要做到因群制宜,因群增权。第五,鉴于历史街区所具有的聚落、遗产和资源三重属性,其社区旅游增权的目标呈现出多元性,具体包括社区的发展、历史街区的保护和旅游的发展；同时由于聚落属性具有本质的决定意义,因此将聚落(社区)的和谐发展和居民的自主视为社区旅游增权的核心目标。综上,本研究基于增权视角的探讨一方面增强了社区参与旅游理论的解释力,丰富了人们对社区参与旅游中权力制衡和政治博弈的认知；另一方面也为历史街区中的社区与旅游一体化和品牌化发展提供了依据和路径。本研究将社区旅游增权的研究对象扩展至城市历史街区,并在规范的理论分析的基础上增加了定量分析的内容,这在一定程度上丰富了社区旅游增权研究的对象和方法,增加了研究结论的可靠性,同时也为后续的研究提供了新的研究领域和研究方法指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 Urban historic distric is often the admixture of "culture highland" and "economy lowland" and its development is often accompanied by multiple conflicts in which the conflict between protection and development is the most prominent. In ankylosis and conflict the historic distric either was reborn in rolling economic tide or was on its last legs in dilapidated walls, both of which violated the original intention of protection and development and hurt the feelings and interest of community residents to a great extent. In fact, the protection and development isn’t irreconcilable and it can get new energy and realize the reforger and evolution of value through organic renewal and tourism development. However, in the practice of community tourism development people always paid attention on the protection of historic streets and the improvement of tourism industry level and ignored the development problems of community, which tended to result in the lack of community participation in tourism, cause various social conflicts and ultimately direct community tourism to non-sustainability. According to the study of the predecessor, there were a lot of reasons for the lack of community participation in which the lack and unbalance of residents’power was the most essential. Accordingly, to improve effectively the development of community participation in historic district, promote the win-win of the protection and development of historic street, and then realize the integrated development of community and tourism, we should straighten the principal status of community residents and empower systematically them to participate in tourism.This study was established in three typical historic districts in Shandong province and adopted qualitative and quantitative analysis method. In this study the author discussed systematically the basic theory of community tourism empowerment, the empowerment status quo, the influential mechanism of community tourism empowerment, the empowerment model, etc. Specifically, the study content and result included mainly the following aspects:(1) Based on literature review, the author discussed the theory of community tourism empowerment. Firstly, tourism empowerment theory is another important analysis angle of community participation in tourism after social exchange theory, social representation theory, the stakeholder theory and so on. Secondly, the author identified and analyzed the political and ideological base, the value base, the social base and theoretical base of community tourism empowerment. Then the author analyzed selectively the empowerment orientation of community participation in tourism and the characteristics of community tourism empowerment in historic district.(2)The empirical analysis:qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. In qualitative analysis part, the author analyzed mainly the empowerment status quo and the common problems of Jinan Furong Street community, Jinan Qushuiting Street community, Qingdao Jinan Road community and Zhoucun Chang’an community, and then discussed the prepositive influential factors of community tourism empowerment from macro-environment, grass-root organization, community, individual and conflict. In quantitative analysis part, the author analyzed mainly the influential mechanism of community tourism empowerment. The study result indicated that the key former influential variable of for-dimension empowerment was different, and the key former variable of economic, psychological, political and social empowerment was separately community system, individual character, individual resource and population flow. The degree of effect of former variables on four-dimension empowerment were different significantly, thereinto, population had the most effect on social empowerment, public policy, community power, individual resource, resource and interest conflict had the most effect on political empowerment, market economy and community system had the most effect on economic empowerment, and individual character and value and knowledge conflict had the most effect on psychological empowerment. The effect of four-dimension empowerment on the support for community tourism and the well-being of community residents had significant differences, thereinto, economic empowerment, psychological empowerment and political empowerment had the most effect on the support for community tourism, and social empowerment had the most effect on the well-being of community residents.(3)Based on empowerment goal, empowerment accepter, empowerment way, empowerment direction and empowerment content the author created the tourism empowerment model--integrating five aspects into one. This empowerment model had the following characteristics. Firstly, it had some systematicness. It not only involved in the subjectivity of empowerment accepter and the wholeness of empowerment content, but also analyzed the time series of empowerment, the multi direction of empowerment. Secondly, this model had some theoretical height, which on one hand was reflected in the theories it relied on, and on the other hand was reflected in the innovative theoretical viewpoints. Thirdly, this model had stronger guiding sense. The creation of this model was based on local case study and normative empowerment mechanism analysis, so it had stronger theoretical persuasion and practical guiding sense.(4)To provide powerful support and safeguard for the development of community tourism empowerment from substance and spirit, the author put forward the following advices:retaining moderately native residents, quickening the construction of governance platform, impelling community system building, increasing the input of community education and establishing and completing the communication and cooperation mechanism.Based on the above analysis, the author concluded the characteristics of community tourism empowerment. Firstly, community tourism empowerment is a systematic engineering which not only needed the participation and interaction of Stakeholders such as local government, community residents, tourism enterprises, social organizations and tourists, but also expressed stronger the characteristics of staged evolution, that is, the empowerment goal, empowerment content and empowerment intensity were different in different empowerment stages. Secondly, community tourism empowerment was a course which depended on both inner drive and exterior impulse, and the former pointed to self-empowerment and the latter pointed to other-empowerment, thereinto, self-empowerment was the key and core of community tourism empowerment, was the advanced stage of community tourism empowerment and corresponded to community self-government. Thirdly, community tourism empowerment was affected by many factors. The function objects and influential mechanism of these factors were different, but simultaneously these factors blended with each other, which meant that when any factor changed the overall effect of community tourism empowerment would change with different degrees. Fourthly, the accepters of community tourism empowerment had multi-level characteristics and they can’t be defined generally in terms of "community", so in empowerment practice we should firstly investigate and divide community residents and then make empowerment design and arrangement according to the characteristics of different community groups. Fifthly, given threefold features of historic district(community settlement, historic heritage and tourism resource), community tourism empowerment in historic district had multiple goals such as the development of community, the protection of historic street and the growth of tourism. At the same time the feature of community settlement had essential determinative sense, so in this study the harmonious development of community and the independence of community residents were regarded as the core goal.Sum up, this study on the basis of empowerment angle on one hand strengthened the persuasion of the theory of community participation in tourism and enriched residents’recognition of power balance and political game, and on the other hand provided basis and path for the integrated and branded development of community and tourism in historic district. This study extended the study objects of community tourism empowerment to urban historic district and added the content of quantitative analysis on the basis of normative theoretical analysis, which enriched the objects and methods of community tourism empowerment studies to a certain extent, added the dependability of study conclusion, and simultaneously provided new study field and study method guidance for subsequent studies.更多还原