语言调查词表研究

【作者】 丁志斌；

【导师】 江荻；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 少数民族语言文学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 词表，对于语言学理论、语言教学、中文信息处理等领域都具有极其重要的价值和意义。词表研究，也因此成为众多学者历来关注的重要课题之一。语言调查词表是语言调查的工具，是语言研究的基础，在普通语言学和应用语言学中有着极其重要的地位。本研究拟在《汉藏语同源词表》(2011)、《普林斯顿汉语方言词汇手册》(1972)、《汉语方言词汇调查手册》(2006)、《SIL非洲比较词表》(2006)等国内外已有语言调查词表的基础上，借鉴Swadesh基本词表、南岛语基本词汇数据库等人类认知核心词表和《基础英语850词》等主要教学词表的研究经验与成果，构建语言调查词表的理论体系和词汇分类体系，编制语言调查词表，为中国语言和方言田野调查提供具有可操作性的语言调查词表。世界范围内的语言调查词表存在着不同的理论体系、类型和历史演变，回顾历史可以站在更高的平台上研究语言调查词表。通过对语言调查词表的概念进行界定，确定本研究的范围，梳理国内外相关词表研究成果，指出目前词表研究存在的问题与不足，研制科学的语言调查词表任重道远。语言是人类的特征，语言研究的终极目标是了解人类本身。语言学是一门与生物学、遗传学、神经科学、心理学、人类学、人工智能科学、通讯科学、认知科学等息息相关的复杂性的国际性学科。语言调查作为语言学的一个分支学科，属于共时性研究，是描写语言学范畴，具有社会科学和自然科学的双重属性。从语言共性、人类认知、原型范畴、知识本体、词价理论、核心词与基本词汇理论等方面构建语言调查词表理论体系构建，具有重要意义。任何语言都有自己的词汇系统，词汇是语言调查不可或缺的基础，语言调查必须编制语言调查词表。语言调查词表最主要的目的是为调查一种语言或方言词汇提供最基本的词目，通过调查记录整理分析词目，从而得出某种语言语音系统的轮廓、词的语法分类线索，为语义研究奠定基础，为词汇研究提供参考，进而推动语言学理论及应用语言学的研究与发展。编制语言调查词表时，需要解决的问题是词汇体系分类、基本词汇分类、调查词表词目分类以及调查词表词目义项分类、词表词目选择原则和标准等。依照学界惯例，本研究将词汇体系分为核心词汇、基本词汇、一般词汇、常用词汇，指出基本词汇中存在着特征词汇，并对调查词表词汇进行了界定，认为调查词表中的“词”是表达完整的意义、可以自由充当造句成分或直接造句的单位，是一个基本的认知单位、交际单位和思维单位，是被言语社团的语感所普遍认定的基本单位，并以“词目”形式出现在调查词表中。本研究提出了语言调查词表选录词汇的四条原则（核心性原则、通用性原则、常用性原则以及高频性原则）和调查词表择词十条标准，并将调查词表词目分为一级词目、二级词目和三级词目，在江荻等前人研究基础上将词表词目义项分为十一个一级义类和三十六个二级义类。本研究接轨前人研究成果，以江荻2011年编制的《汉藏语同源词表》等十个国内外代表性词表为基础数据库，进行筛选、整合与人工干预，得到一级词目调查表（1000词）、二级词目调查表（2000词）和三级词目调查表（5000词），并为一级词目中表达人类具体概念与动作的“实物性”词目配制了实物图片，对表达抽象概念和主要起语法作用的功能词目进行意境图片配制与造句处理，为语言田野调查提供便利，提高语言调查的效率与调查结果的准确率。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wordlists are indispensable to linguistic theory, language teaching, and Chineseinformation processing, etc. Consequently, research on wordlists has been one ofthose important projects that have aroused scholars’ great attention. As a tool oflinguistic investigation and the basis of language research, a wordlist of linguisticinvestigation plays an important role in the study of general linguistics and appliedlinguistics.Based on the relevant wordlists of linguistic investigation such as CognateWordlist of Sino-Tibetan(2011), Handbook of Chinese Dialect Vocabulary(1972),Handbook for Lexicon Based Dialect Fieldwork(2006), SIL Comparative AfricanWordlist(2006), etc., this dissertation attempts to build a theoretical system andlexicon classification system of compiling a wordlist of linguistic investigation forChinese language and dialect with the experience of typical wordlists of humancognitive and teaching wordlists such as Swadesh Wordlist, Austronesian BasicVocabulary Database and Basic English850, etc.Diverse theoretical systems, categories, and historical evolutions exist inlinguistic investigation wordlists all over the world. Reviewing its history provides adeeper insight into its further study. By clarifying the concept of linguisticinvestigation wordlist, delimiting its research scope, overviewing current majorachievements at home and abroad, this dissertation points out existing problems anddeficiencies in the present research and holds that much remains to be done.Language is a feature of human beings. The ultimate goal of language research isto understand human beings themselves. Linguistics is a complex internationaldiscipline, closely related to biology, genetics, neuroscience, psychology,anthropology, artificial intelligence, communications science, cognitive science, etc.As a branch of applied linguistics, linguistic investigation belongs to synchronic study,subordinate to descriptive linguistics, with dual features of social sciences and naturalsciences. It is of profound significance to construct the theoretical system of alinguistic investigation wordlist from the perspectives of language universals, human cognition, prototype category, ontology, valence lexical theory, theory about coreword and basic vocabulary, etc.Each language has its own lexical system. As vocabulary is an indispensablefoundation of linguistic investigation, compiling a wordlist is of great necessity to thelinguistic investigation, with its main purpose of providing essential entries forinvestigating certain language or certain dialect vocabulary by investigating,recording, organizing and analyzing the entries so as to gain the outline of certainlanguage’s phonetic system, clues of the grammatical categorization of a word, to laya foundation for the semantic study, provide with reference for lexical study, andtherefore promote the research and development of linguistic theory and appliedlinguistics.Problems need to be solved in compiling a wordlist include the classification oflexical system, basic vocabulary, entries of wordlists and items of these entries, aswell as principles and standards of selecting entries. According to the convention inthe linguistic circle, this dissertation classifies the lexical system into core vocabulary,basic vocabulary, general vocabulary and common vocabulary, points out thosecharacteristic words exist in basic vocabulary and delimits vocabulary in theinvestigation wordlist, holding that a “word” is a unit to convey complete meaning,free to be components of a sentence or direct construct of a sentence. It is a basic unit,for cognition, communication and thought, widely acknowledged by a speechcommunity’s language sense in the form of entries in the wordlist. Meanwhile, thisdissertation proposes four principles of lexicon selection (core principle, universalprinciple, common principle and high frequency principle) together with ten criteriafor selecting entries, classifies the word items into three ranks (Rank One, Rank Twoand Rank Three), and divides the semantic category of the wordlist into two parts:11categories of first level entry and36categories of second entry on the basis of theachievement of Mr. Jiang Di and other scholars.The compiling wordlist of linguistic investigation in this dissertation is mainlybased on the basic database consisting of10representative wordlists at home andabroad, like Cognate Wordlist of Sino-Tibetan (2011) complied by Mr. Jiang Di. After a careful analysis, filtration, integration and manual intervention, a3-Rank wordlist oflinguistic investigation is formed by a1000-word item list, a2000-word item list anda5000-word item list, supplemented with color illustrations for those substationheadwords to interpret specific human concepts and actions in the first rank wordlist,while images and sentences are made with entries conveying abstract concepts andthose grammatical functional items in order to provide convenience for the field studyof language and improve its accuracy and efficiency.更多还原