现代汉语特殊否定现象认知研究

【作者】 王志英；

【导师】 张谊生；

【作者基本信息】 上海师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文运用认知语言学和语用学理论相结合的方法来研究现代汉语中的四类特殊否定现象，即元语否定、预设否定、羡余否定和间接否定。对四类特殊否定现象的总体特征、性质、使用时的制约条件、语用功能、生成的动因和机制进行了详细分析，并用个案和总论性研究进行了论证和解释。本文的重点放在了对各类特殊否定现象生成的动因和机制的解释上。文章除了绪论和结语，主体结构分为四篇十二章，每篇分为三章，第一章介绍每个类型特殊否定的总体特征，后面两章是个案分析或专项研究，通过个案和专项分析来充实和论证第一章观点的合理性。第一篇研究元语否定，第一章首先对元语否定进行了界定，同时本文把语音、语法错误和预设否定从元语否定中分离了出来，因为它们与元语否定内部机制不统一。我们并根据元语否定的成因对其进行了分类。最后分析了其使用的制约条件和语用功能。后面两章用个案“不是而是”构式和“不”独用表示元语否定用法对第一章观点进行了进一步论证。第二篇研究预设否定，第一章首先解释了预设是否能被否定的问题。然后根据预设否定成因的不同分为：适宜性预设否定和预期性预设否定。并分析了两类预设否定的差异，指出预设否定的生成与人类的认知机制、认知语境与语言表达的主观性密切相关。第二章专门分析了适宜性预设否定的生成动因和机制。第三章以副词“瞎”为个案对预期性预设否定进行了研究，从共时和历时两个角度对否定副词“瞎”的预设否定功能及其成因进行了分析。第三篇研究羡余否定，第一章首先总体上分析了羡余否定的特征，然后分析了羡余否定的生成和使用的制约条件，以及其生成的动因和机制。第二章对“不”和“没（有）”在羡余否定格式中的互补性与同一性进行了分析。第三章以强化否定构式“小心（别）VP”为个案分析了其结构特征和语义特征，并分析了其生成的条件和机制。第四篇研究间接否定，第一章介绍了间接否定的来源、类型及其差异、表达方式、生成的动因、理解机制和语用功能。第二章分析了非规约性间接否定，其来源与合作原则密切相关，它是在人类元认知监控和调节下生成的，其理解机制是一个概念整合的过程。第三章以话语标记“要不”为个案分析了它表示规约性间接否定的特征以及成因。本文的创新之处主要有：首先，本文运用认知语言学和语用学相结合的方法，建立了更加宏观的理论框架，为四类特殊否定现象研究提供了新的视角，从语言使用和人类认知的深层动因上对特殊否定的生成动因和机制做出更为合理地解释。第二，本文在静态研究的基础上，更加注重对各类特殊否定现象生成动因和理解机制的分析和解释，使之不但要知其然还要知其所以然。第三，本文在对各类特殊否定现象总体特征研究的基础上，又用个案和专项研究进行了充分论证，以期对四类特殊否定现象作出较为圆满的解释和充分的论证。最后，我们的研究对整个否定研究体系的建立具有促进和推动作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 The paper uses the method of combining cognitive linguistics withpragmatics theory together to do some research on four specialnegations in Modern Chinese Language. They are meta-languagenegation, presupposition negation, redundant negation and indirectnegation. We analyze four special negation’s general features, naturesconstraint condition, pragmatic functions, causes and mechanism ofthe generation in details. The paper puts emphasis up on theexplanations of each special negation’s cause and mechanism of thegeneration.The main body of the paper, except introduction and conclusion,is divided into four parts including twelve chapters. Each part containsthree chapters. The first chapter in each part introduces the generalfeatures of each special negation. The second and third chaptersmainly focus on case analysis and special studies, which can prove andenrich the reasonableness of the views in chapter1.The first part makes a study of meta-language negation. In thefirst chapter we define the meta-language negation. At the same time,we separate the phonological and grammatical errors as well aspresupposition negation from meta-language negation, because ofthe disunities among them. Next we classify them according tometa-language negation’s causes. Then we discuss the constraintconditions and pragmatic functions while using meta-languagenegation.The latter two chapters further prove the first chapter’s view byciting the structure “不是而是” and “不” alone for expressingmeta-language negation.The second part do some research on presupposition negation.The first chapter firstly explains whether presupposition can be negated or not. Then according to the different causes of presuppositionnegation, it can be dived into felicity conditions and expectation of thepresupposition negation. And it also it studies the difference betweentwo kinds of presupposition negation. The formation of presuppositionnegation have close relationship with human’s cognitive mechanism,cognitive context and the subjectivity of language performance. Thesecond chapter specializes on the cause and mechanism of thegeneration of felicity conditions of the presupposition negation. Thethird chapter studies expectation of the presupposition negation, takingthe adverb “瞎” as an example. It makes some analysis on thepresupposition negation’s functions and causes of negative adverbfrom synchronic and diachronic aspects.The third part focuses on redundant negation. The first chapteranalyses the features of redundant negation generally. Then it do someresearch on its constraint conditions of formation and application, aswell as the cause and mechanism of the generation. The secondchapter discusses the complementarity and identity of “不” and “没有” in the redundant negation format. The third chapter analyses thestructural and semantic features of “小心（别）VP”, as well as itsconditions and mechanism of the generation.The fourth part makes research on indirect negation. The firstchapter introduces its sources, types, difference, expressions, cause ofgeneration, comprehensive mechanism and pragmatic function. Thesecond chapter takes the discourse marker “要不” as an example,analyzing its features and causes while indicating conventional indirectnegation. The third chapter makes research on non-conventionalindirect negation, pointing that its sources have close connection withcooperation principle. It forms under the monitoring and mediation ofhuman’s meta-cognition. Its comprehensive mechanism is a process ofsemantic integration. The creative points of this paper are as follows. Firstly, the paperuses the method of combining cognitive linguistics and pragmatics andfounds a more macroscopic theoretical frame, which provides a newperspective of four special negations. It makes a reasonableexplanation of four negation’s causes and mechanisms of thegeneration from the aspects of language use an human’s cognition.Secondly, based upon static research, we pay more attention on theanalysis and explanation of four negations’ cause of generation andcomprehensive mechanisms, letting us not only know the hows but alsoknow the whys. Thirdly, on the basis of the research on four negations’general features, it proves thoroughly by case studies and specialanalysis in order to make perfect explanations and complete proofs onfour special negations. Lastly, our research has a promoting and urgingeffect on the foundation of the whole negative system.更多还原