【作者】 毛海波；

【导师】 朱榄叶；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法大学 ， 国际法学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 国际展览业作为国际服务贸易的重要组成部分，对于促进各国经济的发展起着越来越显著的作用。然而，与此同时，国际展会期间的知识产权纠纷亦层出不穷。从实践分析，虽然国际展会涉及的主要知识产权也是诸如专利权、商标权和版权等权利，但国际展会的知识产权纠纷与一般知识产权纠纷存在很大的差异，知识产权的保护对象及方式亦具有其特殊性。只有明确该种差异性及特殊性，我们才能掌握国际展会知识产权纠纷的特点，为相关知识产权的保护提出合理的应对措施。然而，目前很少有学者对此进行研究，这与国际展览业的蓬勃发展显然不相适应。笔者认为，就国际展会的知识产权保护而言，以下几个方面值得研究：一、国际展会知识产权保护的执法措施。执法措施的特殊性来源于国际展会知识产权纠纷的特殊性。一般而言，国际展会的召开时间很短，往往只有几天。在如此短暂的时间内，法院或者知识产权管理部门很难及时、准确对发生于展会上的知识产权纠纷完成证据采信及侵权行为认定。因此，时限性对执法部门的挑战是我们无法回避的问题。同时，鉴于国际展会的聚合性与公开性，展会侵权产生的损害会远远大于一般情况下的侵权行为，而展会一旦结束，侵权产品及侵权人则又难以被查找，权利人无论向侵权行为所在地（国）法院还是向侵权人所在地（国）法院提起诉讼，成本都会很高。因此，只有快速、便捷、有效的执法措施才能遏制侵权，减少损害的发生。本文通过比较研究对此予以了详细的分析。此处笔者需强调的是，有些执法措施为国际展会所特有，而有些执法措施则并非如此，执法部门在处理一般的知识产权纠纷时亦会用到该类措施，比如临时禁令制度、证据保全制度等，对此进行梳理以契合国际展会的上述特征极为必要。二、国际展会组织者的义务与责任。制止国际展会知识产权侵权仅凭借公权力部门执法显然不够，有时效果也并不理想。鉴于组织者的特殊地位，组织者有义务建立相应的制度遏制展会侵权，防止损害后果的扩大，因此对此进行阐述是本文不可或缺的部分。笔者首先介绍了一些著名国际展会组织者制定的知识产权保护规则，由此归纳出组织者可通过登记、备案制度，快速、有效的处理制度，制裁制度等实现对国际展会知识产权的保护。在此情形下，本文根据法律的基本规则以及组织者的实际情况，深入探究了在参展商从事侵权行为时，组织者是否需承担法律责任以及如何承担责任的问题，提出组织者对参展商于展会的行为在一定条件下具有注意义务，在违反该义务时根据具体情形需承担相应的间接侵权法律责任：替代责任、帮助侵权责任。这亦是本文的创新点之一。三、对参展商在国际展会上的展出、演示等行为进行法律定性。本文的另一创新点在于深入探讨了参展商在未经专利权人同意前提下展出专利产品、演示专利方法等行为的法律性质，对当前普遍认为的参展商展出、演示等行为必然构成专利侵权的观点提出质疑。从实践分析，参展商上述行为的主要讨论点在于其是否构成侵权“使用”、“许诺销售”、“销售”行为。笔者认为，首先，专利法上的“使用”一词具有特殊的含义，即行为人必须利用具有权利要求所述技术特征的专利产品，使其技术功能得到了应用。1因此，无论是参展商的展出行为还是演示行为，必须符合上述特点，才能认定其构成“使用”侵权；其次，我国当前的学者观点以及司法实践基本上将参展商未经许可于展会上展示他人享有专利权的产品认定为许诺销售侵权。笔者认为，该种观点有失偏颇，许诺销售侵权制度的本意是遏制他人即将对侵权产品或者方法予以在知识产权保护国进行销售的行为，然而参展商的某些行为如仅对研发成果予以展示、并不准备在国际展会所在国予以销售等显然不应归属于该范畴，将参展商未经许可的所有展出或者演示行为皆认定为许诺销售行为是不正确的；最后，笔者提出，不能因参展商未经知识产权人允许与他人签订相应销售专利产品的订单或者合同就认定其构成销售侵权，“销售”应具有实际履行的含义。因此，只有双方当事人实际履行上述合同才能将参展商的行为界定为销售侵权行为。四、国际展会标志的知识产权保护。国际展会标志的知识产权研究目前在理论上基本处于空白，而其系国际展会知识产权的重要组成部分，目前对其进行侵犯的情形亦时有发生，构建对其进行保护的法律规则势在必行。笔者结合展会标志的法律属性，借鉴国外立法，提出国际展会标志应被认定为商业标识，并在此基础上构建了具体的知识产权保护规则。五、建构国际展会知识产权的保护模式。从类型化区分，国际展会分为境外的展会与境内召开的国际展会，因此对知识产权保护的探讨也应当分为两个方面。我国企业出境参展非常频繁，也多次陷入知识产权侵权纠纷，分析其成因并提出相应的应对措施显然势在必行；2010年上海世博会的召开无疑将我国举办国际展会推向一个全新的层次，在清醒认识到我国就国际展会知识产权进行保护措施的优点及缺点基础上，提出相应的建议也是本文的重点内容。此处笔者需提及的是，正如有些执法措施并非专门针对国际展会设计一样，本文论述的一些制度国内展会也存在，且有时这些制度同时适用于国内展会与国际展会，但本文论述的立足点在于国际展会。正是由于我国的企业参加德国、英国等国家的国际展会产生了大量知识产权纠纷，被该国的执法部门采取各种措施而又缺乏应对的方法；正是由于2010年上海世博会的召开，由此引发了如何妥善处理涉外知识产权纠纷的探讨，才促使了本文的形成。诚然，德国等国家的临时禁令等执法措施显然并非专门针对中国企业所设置，但对中国企业而言，其系在国际展会上遭受了上述措施；就外国人在我国参加国际展会产生纠纷而言，我国的执法措施亦然。因此本文才在展会上套用了“国际”二字。更多还原

【Abstract】 As an important part of international trade in services,international exhibition industry plays a prominent role in thedevelopment of world economy. At the same time, however, disputes aboutintellectual property rights are emerging at international fairs.There is no doubt the characteristics of protection of intellectualproperty rights at international fairs are very special, nevertheless,few people pay attention to it. In light of following reasons, the authorbelieves the topic is worth studying:Firstly, many Chinese enterprises take an active part ininternational fairs held in such countries as Germany, USA and France forthe purpose of extracting benefits and expanding influence. Meanwhile,they often run into trouble about disputes of intellectual propertyinfringement, which leads to punishment by local authorities. Obviously,we should think about how to prevent such things from recurring.Secondly, there are many disputes of intellectual propertyinfringement happened at international fairs held in China. it is a pitythat our law enforcement systems can’t afford adequate and efficientrelief to owners of intellectual property when their rights are infringed at international fairs, which impairs the development of Chineseexhibition industry. Therefore, establishing practical and effectivemeans for the enforcement of intellectual property rights atinternational fairs is the only way China can choose.Last but not the least, Shanghai Expo2010gives us a vivid practicefor the protection of intellectual property rights at international fairs.In order to guarantee that Shanghai Expo2010goes well, China hasformulated many rules about protection intellectual property rights Atthe Expo, which are useful for the future international fairs held in China.It is our duties to summarize the success and failure of the foregoingprovisions.This paper starts from introducing some theories such as“fairs”、“international fairs”、“intellectual property rights”, which are thebasics of the paper. What’s more, for the purpose of following discussion,this paper also defines the characteristics of the intellectual propertyrights at international fairs.In Chapter Two, the author describes the legal systems about civil,criminal, administrative law enforcement measures and other specialmeasures used to protect intellectual property rights at internationalfairs in some countries.In Chapter Three, the paper discusses legal acts and liabilities ofinternational fairs’organizers and exhibitors. As far as internationalfairs’organizers are concerned, because of the special status, organizerscan play an important role in protecting the intellectual property rightsat fairs. By virtue of UFI Recommendations for the Protection ofIntellectual Property and some rules instituted by some famousinternational fairs, this article analyses the positive role oforganizers. Based on the forgoing discussion, the opinion thatinternational fairs’ organizers should be responsible for the infringement conducted by people who display or demonstrate counterfeitor fake commodities at the fairs under certain conditions is offered inthis Chapter. As far as exhibitors are concerned, there are differentopinions whether exhibitors displaying or demonstrating products withoutIP owner’consent should assume tort liabilities as “using”,“offeringfor sale” or “selling”. The author gives his own point of view basedon basic principles of law and the exhibitors’specific behaviors atinternational fairs.Chapter Four is about protection of intellectual property rightsregarding symbols of international fairs, which should be ascertained as“Commercial signs”. By virtue of learning other countries’legislation,we should construct relevant legal systems to protect symbols ofinternational fairs from being infringed.The theme of Chapter Five is how China deals with disputes ofintellectual property happened in international fairs. As we all know,Chinese enterprises were often threw into a dilemma of disputes aboutintellectual property when they participated in overseas fairs andincurred a heavy loss. So we should design a proper way to protect theirinterests. The author probes some rules that exhibitors, organizers andgovernment should abide by. What’s more, the author points out both theadvantages and defects of legal systems about protection of intellectualproperty at international fairs held in China. By virtue of introducingChinese legislation and enforcement measures, the author brings somesuggestions about how to improve our rules and regulations aimed atprotecting intellectual property at international fairs held in China.更多还原