民国时期西北地区自然灾害研究

【作者】 温艳；

【导师】 岳珑；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 西北地区是我国自然灾害频发地区。民国时期,该地区自然灾害呈现出灾情严重,成灾面积广泛；多灾并发；旱灾发生最为频繁且最为严重；同步性与非同步性并存,出现三次高峰；地域分布不平衡,与周边省份相互影响；旱灾、水灾、地震等频次逐渐增高；旱灾和地震形成灾害链等特征。民国时期,自然灾害是制约西北人口再生产的重要因素。灾期人口死亡数量大且集中,灾民大量逃亡,变动频繁。民众身体素质下降,对西北社会经济造成深远影响。灾害对西北民众的心理也产生了负面影响,自我否认、消极等待援助的思想加重,迷信盛行,伦理道德意识削弱。自然灾害频发,导致西北各省粮食减产或者绝收,农民经济损失严重。大量耕地抛荒,粮食价格的高涨和地价暴跌,地权转移频繁,土地与农民的纽带变得松散,农村阶级构成发生变化。农村经济濒临破产。民国时期,受自然灾害影响,大量农村人口涌入城镇,城镇经济发展滞后,无力接纳大量灾民,无法承担起扶助农村的责任。城镇居民漠视甚至对灾民采取敌视态度,使得灾期西北地区城镇和农村关系变得日益复杂。在灾害波及下,西北城镇在短时间内出现市场萎缩、经济萧条的局面。个别城镇由于大量灾民的涌入,需求增加,经济出现了暂时的畸形“繁荣”。灾民的大量涌入,也推动了城市市政设施、救助系统的建立和改善,对城市治安也提出严峻挑战。民国时期,中央政府和地方政府都积极承担起救灾职责,注重救灾的制度化建设。中央和西北五省政府采取粥赈、钱赈、粮赈等传统的赈济措施外,还采取以工代赈措施力求救防结合,并在西北组织植树造林,涵养水源；兴修水利,保护水利设施；恢复和发展仓储；建立气候监控体系等,以期从根源上消灭灾害发生的基础。民国政府意识到西北环境与经济协调发展的重要性,难能可贵。西北地区严重的灾害,引起了国内外的关注,社会力量广泛动员。国内外团体和个人积极参与西北救灾活动,华洋义赈会、中国济生会的救济成效最为显著。以报刊为代表的舆论媒介积极报道西北地区的灾况,呼吁民众参与救灾,振奋灾民精神,发挥积极作用。民国时期,西北地区的救灾方式从传统向现代转型,呈现出传统与现代共存的特点。在西北救灾中,中央政府出钱,地方政府组织救灾,社会各界积极参与,形成了良好的互动关系。但政府在西北救灾资金总体投入不足,其主体作用没有得到良好发挥。西北地区没有形成大灾害联省机制,社会资源没有得到良好配置与应用,监管职能缺失,救灾各个环节存在腐败行为,直接影响了西北地区的救灾效果。民国时期,西北地区政府与民间救灾的经验与教训,对于今天仍具有一定的借鉴与启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 Northwest China is one of the most vulnerable regions of the ecological environment, the various types of natural disasters happening one after another. the natural disasters showed distinct characteristics with seriousness, grandness and multi-disaster occurrence in general. Among those disasters, droughts occurred the most frequent and most serious. The outbreaks, with3distinct peaks, showed a synchronous and asynchronous nature. The geographical distribution was uneven, being interacted with the surrounding provinces and regions. The occurrence of droughts, floods and earthquakes, showed a gradually increasing tendency in frequency. The causes showed2distinct disaster chains with drought and earthquakes.In Republic of China, natural disaster was an important factor restricting the population reproduction in Northwest China. The big number of death and fleeing, the high frequency of political changes, the decline of the physical fitness of people made far-reaching impact on the society and economy in Northwest China. Disasters had negative impacts on the psychology of the then people, including self-denial, passively waiting for aids, and prevailing superstition, which weakened the Ethical awareness to some extent.The frequent occurrence of the natural disasters resulted in the big cut of food production, famers suffering serious economic losses. The large number of abandoned arable land became the main factor which further pulled the rural economy to the brink of bankruptcy. Natural disasters also caused the rising food prices and slumping land prices, more frequent transfer of the land ownership, which made looser ties between land and famers. Therefore the rural class composition changed.In Republic of China, suffering from natural disasters, a big quantity of rural population rushed into towns and cities, which were economically depressed and incapable of accepting disaster victims and taking the responsibility of assisting the rural areas. The urban residents ignored and even adopted a hostile attitude to the victims, which made complicated relations between the rural and urban areas in Northwest China in the disaster periods. Affected by the disasters, the towns and cities in Northwest China saw situations of shrinking markets, economic recession. Some individual towns and cities even witnessed a temporary deformity of prosperity due to the large influx of population and the increasing demand. Though the influx of the victims improved the development and complementation of municipal facilities and rescue system, it challenged the city public security seriously.In Republic of China, the central government and local authorities both took the relief responsibilities actively, who paid attention to the construction of relief systems. Besides the traditional relief countermeasures such as direct food relief, cash relief and crop relief, the central government and five provincial authorities in Northwest China took the relief-for-work measures which intended to have a comprehensive solution to the disaster. With organization of forestation, water conservation, construction and protection of water conservancy facilities, recovery and development warehousing, establishment of a climate monitoring system, they intended to eradicate the root causes of disasters. The then governments could realize the importance of the coordinated development between economy and environment in Northwest China, which is commendable.The serious disasters caused concern at home and abroad and the social forces were extensively mobilized. The domestic and foreign organizations and individuals participated actively in disaster relief activities. Among which, the effectiveness of relief from China International Famine Relief Commission and China Life-saving Commission was the most significant. And media such as newspapers as the representative of public opinion, played an active role in actively reporting the disaster situations in Northwest China, continuously urging the public to participate in disaster relief, and boosting the spirit of the victims.In Republic of China, the disaster relief witnessed a transformation from traditional approaches to modern approaches, which showed co-existence characteristics. During the relief process, they formed a good interactive relationship by central government offering monetary investment, local authorities organizing relief activities and various social classes actively participating in the relief. However, the total investment from the different-level authorities was generally inadequate, whose subject role did not play fully. That there were not united disaster relief mechanisms among provinces in Northwest China, social resources did not get a good configuration and application, there was a lack of regulatory functions, and among all the relief aspects saw the corrupt practices, directly influenced the relief effect in Northwest China.The relief activities from different social classes in that period, this paper intends to provide a helpful historic reference to the disaster prevention to Northwest China, even whole China.更多还原