【作者】 赵志刚；

【导师】 王凯荣； 关欣； 谢小立；

【作者基本信息】 湖南农业大学 ， 生态学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文所研究的江南丘陵与华北平原区是人口密集、工业化和城镇化程度较高的地区,资源开发利用的强度高、环境污染和和生态破坏相当严重,尤其是农业生态系统退化问题日趋严重。农业是社会发展的基石,农业生态系统的可持续发展更是现代社会进步与发展的保障。因此,如何根据区域资源环境特点制定科学的社会经济发展目标,协调好环境保护与资源开发利用之间的矛盾,是维持农业生态系统和农业产业可持续发展的重大课题。本文选取我国江南丘陵与华北平原的几个典型区域,包括江西省、以及湖南省的桃源县和河北省的滦县,采用实地调查、遥感和地理信息系统等技术手段,及压力—状态—响应模型(P-S-R)、K-均值聚类分析、变异系数法、专家打分、区位商等定性和定量分析方法,对区域农业环境资源、景观资源和服务资源的现状进行了系统分析评价,并对如何进行农业景观单元的设计开展了研究,以期为农业规划与区域农业生态系统的可持续发展提供指导。论文的主要研究结果如下：(1)区域农业可持续发展与农业景观布局有着紧密的关联性,景观布局应以农业环境资源为主要依据,将农业生态安全、农业经济发展与土地适宜度等因素有机结合起来。在江南丘陵地区,应根据地形多样性特点,建立农、林、牧、副、渔综合发展的立体大农业体系。以江西省为例,在赣西及东北部丘陵山区,要特别注重防护林地的建设,防治水土流失,增加农业环境的安全性；在环鄱阳湖区域,可根据水网资源丰富的特点,大力发展淡水养殖业；在丘陵缓坡地带和农业环境安全性较好的赣中地区,可集中发展以粮、棉、油为主的种植业基地。(2)人类活动对农业景观的影响巨大。随着建设地面积增加,特别是道路建设的快速发展,农业景观的破碎度加大。历史上,华北平原农业景观格局以农田景观占绝对优势,但近十几年,农田景观优势度不断降低,而建设地景观优势度不断增高,景观整体破碎度增大,景观斑块形状趋于简单；人类活动影响主要集中于低海拔区域,因此这个区域农田、建设地等景观处于主导位置,并表现出较高的聚集程度,中高海拔区域人类活动较少,自然地保护较好,草地、林地占据主导地位,高海拔区域受自然条件影响与制约,景观类型以荒地为主导。(3)不同区域农业服务价值差异明显。就全国范围来说,长江以南地区单位面积总农业服务价值为西北地区的2倍以上。江南丘陵地区单位面积的农业服务价值也明显高于华北平原区域。近十几年来,以滦县为研究对象的华北平原区域农业服务总价值有下降的趋势,而以桃源县为研究对象的江南丘陵区域农业服务总价值略有上升。农业服务价值的提升可通过制定和完善农业政策法规、调整区域农业结构、以及加强农业环境保护来实现。(4)农业景观单元是农业景观规划的具体表现形式,按功能分为生产型、服务型与综合型三大类型。生产型农业景观单元以产品产出为主要目的,要重点考虑产出的经济价值,可以通过能量产投比对景观单元进行分析评价,以循环农业为理念进行景观单元的设计；服务型农业景观单元以村民生产、生活为主要目标进行建设,可从提供村民生活设施、生产便利程度及节约土地等方面进行分析与单元设计；综合型农业景观单元主要考虑产出与服务相协调的综合型目标,可从产品输出、游览价值、交通服务等方面进行综合分析评价,以生态学与园林美学等理念进行景观单元的设计。更多还原

【Abstract】 Jiangnan Hilly Region and North China plain area, studied in this paper, are with high population density, high degrees of industrialization and urbanization, as well as high resources utilization rate. The environmental pollution and ecological destruction are severe and the agro-ecosystem degradation becomes more serious. Agriculture lays the cornerstone of social development, so the sustainable development of agricultural ecological system is the guarantee of modern social development and progress. Therefore, how to set scientific social economic development goals according to regional resource and environment characteristics as well as reconcile the conflicts between environment protection and resource development and utilization is a major issue for maintaining the sustainable development of agricultural ecological system and agricultural sustainable development. This paper, sampling several representative areas in Jiangnan Hilly Region and North China plain regions, including Jiangxi province, Taoyuan County in Hunan Province, and Luan County in Hebei province, carries out a systematic analysis and evaluation on current status of regional agricultural environment resources, landscape resources and service resources by field survey, remote sensing, geographic information system and other qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, such as pressure-state-response model (P-S-R), k-means clustering analysis, variation coefficient method, expert scoring, and location quotient, etc. It also conducts surveys on designs of agricultural landscape units, with the purpose to provide guidance for agriculture planning and the sustainable development of regional agricultural ecosystem.The study of this paper comes into the following results:(1) The sustainable development of regional agriculture is closely associated with agricultural landscape layout, which based primarily on agricultural environment resources and integrates all together the agricultural ecological safety, agricultural economic development and land suitability, etc. In Jiangnan Hilly Region, a comprehensive agricultural system supporting by farming, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishing industries should be set up based on the diversity of the terrain features. For example in Jiangxi, special attentions should be paid to the construction of the shelter forest land for prevention and control of soil and water loss as well as improvement of agricultural environmental securities in the west and northeast hilly areas; in areas surrounding the Poyang Lake, it’s recommended to vigorously develop fresh water breeding; while in the hilly areas of middle Jiangxi Province which are with well-protected agricultural environment, priorities should be placed on crop productions such as grains, cotton and oil.(2) Human activities exert huge impacts on agro-landscape. Along with the increase of the construction land coverage, especially with the rapid development of highway construction, the agricultural landscape is challenged with increasingly fragmentation. The landscape pattern of North China plain is dominated with farmland landscape historically, but in recent decades, the superiority of farmland landscape in this region has been degraded, meanwhile the superiority of construction landscape has been elevated. Its overall fragmentation has been increasing and the landscape patches shapes becoming simple. Impact of human activities is mainly concentrated in the low-altitude areas, so the farmland and construction landscape are in a dominant position and exhibit a higher degree of aggregation; but in the mid-high-altitude area, which human activities impact less and natural resources protection is better, grass and forest land are the dominant landscape; while in the high-altitude area, which is affected and restricted by natural conditions, wasteland landscape is dominant.(3) Different regional agricultural service values demonstrate obvious differences. From the nationwide perspective, the total agricultural service value of unit area of Jiangnan hilly region is more than two times of that in northwestern area, and also far higher than that in the north China plain area. In recent decades, the total value of agricultural service value of north China plain area (the Luan County as the major study object) tends to be decreased, while that of Jiangnan hilly region(the Taoyuan County as the major study object) showed a slight increase. Raise of agricultural service value can be achieved through the development and improvement of agricultural policies and regulations, adjustment of regional agricultural structure, and protection the agricultural ecological environment.(4) Agricultural landscape unit is specific form of agricultural landscape planning and design, which can be classified into production, service and comprehensive types according the function. Agricultural landscape unit of production type takes product output as the main object. The designing of this landscape unit should consider more about the economic value of the output, base on ratio of energy output to input and the concept of circular agriculture; Agricultural landscape unit of service type should take villagers’production and living as the target orientation, and carry out planning and design basing on living facilities, production convenience and land saving, etc; the comprehensive agricultural landscape unit mainly takes into consideration of the reconciliation of output and service, thus makes comprehensive analysis on product output, tourism values and traffic service, etc. The landscape unit designing should base on the principle of ecology and garden esthetics principles.更多还原