【作者】 曹峰；

【导师】 舒远招；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 “我可以希望什么?”,这是康德哲学研究计划中的三大基本问题之一,可见,希望问题是康德整个哲学体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分。康德表示,希望问题关涉其哲学体系中的“理论”和“实践”两大领域,即希望问题从性质上讲“既是实践的又是理论的”。而实践哲学和理论哲学本又是康德哲学的两大主题,因此,深入理解和梳理介于实践和理论之间的希望问题,对于全面把握和理解康德整个哲学体系及其精神归宿具有十分重要的理论意义。更为重要的是,康德的希望问题是在其独特的哲学视域中展开的,其和人们一般地谈论的希望问题有本质上的区别：无论是希望的前提、希望的具体展开和指向对象,还是希望的实现方式等都有原则上的区别并自身独树一帜。康德对希望问题的独特解答,为人们理解希望、审视自身的当下和未来开拓了一个全新的视野,对作为“有限的理性存在者”的人之生存具有重大启示作用和现实意义。本文的第一章将会梳理康德提出希望问题的复杂背景,以说明康德的希望问题,既具有深远的历史渊源及鲜明的时代印记,又具有理论对现实的深切关怀。传统形而上学走上日益衰微的迷途导致希望问题的消解、长期以来现实世界中出现的德福悖论及其导致希望的虚妄、西方近代启蒙运动由充满希望到希望“辩证法”带来的失望等等,构成了康德希望问题提出的独特背景。本文的第二章将对康德的希望问题——“我可以希望什么?”本身作一个整体的交代和论述。这里涉及希望问题本身在康德视域中所蕴涵的结构层次、性质及文本线索。首先,从结构上讲,康德希望问题由三个部分(前提、指向对象和对象的实现)构成,而三个构成部分均具有的“显隐”二重性特征,相应地,三个构成部分的“显隐”二重性则蕴含着康德希望问题的“显隐”二重结构。即希望问题的“显性”结构——道德前提、幸福对象以及幸福的实现；“隐性”结构——道德的实现、幸福对象的道德定向(至善)、至善的实现。这个结构,是康德希望问题的基本线索。其次,对康德希望问题的性质作出一个定位。在分析希望问题具有“实践和理论的统一”性质基础上,还将对实践与理论的位置作出一个定位,在其中,实践的性质具有优先性,而希望问题的解答最终又指向对理论性质问题的解决。再次,本章还将表明,希望问题在康德这里,既是理性的兴趣问题,又是人类学的问题,这些复杂的性质融合,使希望问题成为了一个具有多维视域“融合”的复合问题,这超越了人们一般将其定位为单纯宗教问题的视域。在梳理清楚康德希望问题提出的背景、希望问题的结构和性质等基本问题之后,本文的第三、四、五章将具体展开对康德希望问题的分析。第三章主要分析康德希望问题的“显性”前提——道德,这是康德谈论希望问题的一个基础性前提,道德前提使康德视域中的希望具有了自由的性质,这是他和一般人谈论希望问题的根本区别之一。在其中,还将涉及希望问题的“显性”对象——幸福,将幸福和道德放在一起作一个比较性的分析和定位。同时,还将分析为什么将单纯的幸福作为希望对象最终将无法实现的原因。第四章主要分析康德希望问题的“隐性”前提——道德如何可能。这是隐含在康德希望问题“显性”前提背后的更为隐秘的前提,因为,只有道德得以可能,“一切希望都指向幸福”的目标才具有实现的可能性。这里主要涉及到人性的善恶问题,人们如何能够实现“改恶向善”趋向德性的问题等。第五章主要分析康德希望问题的“隐性”对象——至善及其如何实现的问题。在康德视域中,希望问题指向的真正对象,也就是“隐性”‘对象是德福统一——至善,而非单纯的幸福。因此,至善的实现,也就成为了康德希望问题最终得以解决必须解答的问题。这里主要涉及至善实现的条件：社会历史条件、宗教条件等。本文的第六章主要阐述康德希望问题所可能产生的积极影响。其一是积极的理论后果：康德视域中的自由之希望,实现了人类希望的启蒙,同时,康德的希望问题所导致的道德神学,实现了对传统宗教的一种“人本化”变革；其二是积极的当代启示：康德在希望问题中对幸福的独特理解和定位,给我国当前建设幸福社会的战略行动带来种种有益启示,康德希望视域中所理解的幸福正是我国文化缺乏或忽视的一种理性视角,另外,康德以道德、自由为核心的独特的“属人”希望视域,能为人们抵抗当今时代泛滥的虚无主义思潮提供宝贵的思想资源。更多还原

【Abstract】 "What may I hope?", This is one of the three basic problems which in the research program of Kant’s philosophy, We can see that the hope problem is in an important and indispensable component of Kant’s philosophical system. Kant said, the hope problem related to two major areas:" theory" and" practice",namely, the hope problem essentially is a "practice and theory" problem. And the philosophy of practice and philosophy of theory are the two big themes for Kant’s philosophy, therefore, to deeply understand and combing the hope problem which between practice and theory, for grasping and understanding Kant’s philosophical system and its spiritual home has very important theory meaning. More importantly, Kant’s hope problem is spread out in his unique philosophical perspective, and this s fundamentally different from people talking about it in general:whether it is the premise of hope,"hope of concrete expansion and the pointing object, or methods to achieve hope,have principle distinction and its become an independent school. Kant answer the hope problem in unique way, give people a brand-new field of vision to understand the hope, look at its present and future, this has great inspiration and practical significance for human-"The limited being who has reason".In the first chapter of this paper will comb the complex background of Kant’s hope problem, in order to explain Kant’s hope problem, which has a long history and distinctive time mark, but also has deep theorical concern for the reality. On the decline of traditional metaphysics lost leading to the hope problem resolution, Moral-Happiness Paradox appears in the real world for long-term leading to the hope is impossible, Western Modern Enlightenment from full of hope to the hope "Dialectics", which brought down disappointment etc, these constitute a unique background of Kant’s hoped problem.In the second chapter, will give a whole account and discuss of Kant ’s hope problem--" what may I hope?" Here Involved the structure, properties and text cues which implicated in Kant’s hope problem.First of all, for the structure, Kant’s hope problem consists of three parts (the premise, pointing to the object and implementation of object), and the three components have" dominant-implicit" duality feature, accordingly, the three part of dominant-implicit" duality feature implies "dominant-implicit" dual structure in Kant’s hope problem, the "dominant" structure of the hope problem--moral premise, happiness object and Realization of happiness;" implicit " structure--realization of morals, the moral orientation for happiness object (highest good), realization of highest good. This structure is the basic clue of Kant’s hope problem. Secondly, make a localization for the nature of Kant’s hope problem. On the basis of the analysis of the hope problem, which has the nature--" the unity of theory and practice ",but also to make a position for theory and practice, in which, the nature of practice has priority, and answer to the hope problem finally pointed to the theory of problem solving. Again, this chapter will show, the hope problem for Kant, is not only the rational interest problem, and anthropological problem, the complex nature of fusion, the hope problem becomes a multidimensional perspective problem, beyond the pure religion view which people generally positioned.Distinguish clearly basic problems of the hope problem:the background, structure and properties, the third, four and five chapter of the paper will specifically expand analysis on Kant’s hope problem. The third chapter will analyze the "dominant" premise--moral,this is a basic premise for Kant to talk about the hope problem, and the moral premise gives the nature of freedom to the hope in Kant’s horizon, which is different from the general people who talk about the hope problem. In which, will also involve the "dominant" object--happiness, happiness and moral are put together to make a comparative analysis and position. At the same time, will also analyze why the simple happiness as the hope object will eventually be impossible realized. The fourth chapter will analyze the" implicit " premise--how moral could realize. It is a hidden premise,which implicit in the " dominant" the premise, because, only moral is possible, the goal "all hope point to happiness" is the possibility of the realization. Here are mainly related to the nature of good and evil, and how people can achieve" remove the evil to the good ". The fifth chapter will analyze "implicit" object--highest good,and the problem of how to realize highest good. In Kant’s view, the hope points to the real object, namely," implicit" object is the Moral-Happiness United--highest good, rather than the simple happiness. Therefore, the implementation of highest good, will become the eventually problem which Kant answered to the hope problem haved to solve. Here mainly involved the conditions which for realizing highest good:social and historical conditions, religious conditions.The sixth chapter mainly elaborates the positive effects by Kant’s hope problem. One is the positive consequences of the theory:the freedom hope of Kant’s view, realized human hope of enlightenment, at the same time, the moral theology caused by Kant’s hope problem, the traditional religion has been change in a"humanity-oriented"way;second is the positive contemporary enlightenment:Kant understanded and positioned happiness in an unique way, this brings all sorts of useful insights to our strategic action of construction for happy society, happiness in the view of Kant’s hope that is a rational perspective, which is deficiency or ignored in our country culture. in addition, Kant’s unique view of the hope,which with morality and freedom as the core, it can provide valuable ideological resources for people to resist the nihilism which is flooding in today.更多还原