【作者】 张宛；

【导师】 王保星；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 教育史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以“知识分子”为向度,以知识分子理论为工具,运用文献研究、个案研究等方法,通过对二战后至1990年代间以学院知识分子为代表的美国大学教师的职业境遇与抉择、斗争历程的探索,力求较为全面地展示美国学院知识分子在各种历史事态与处境之下的立场与风貌,深入剖析社会、大学与大学教师之间关系的历史演变,尝试将美国学院知识分子坚守、抗争的不凡经历置于大学史与美国社会发展史的进程之中予以考察。根据各时期的不同特征,本研究以三个主题时段展开：政治主导时代(1945～1970)、经济危机时代(1971～1980)与文化冲突时代(1981～1990年代)。研究主体共分六个部分：“导论”包含问题的提出、研究意义与创新、文献综述、研究思路与方法、概念界定及研究的不足。第一章对从中世纪起产生、发展过程中大学形态的演变及其带来的学院知识分子权利、地位的变化进行了必要梳理,对从古代社会到现代社会、大学与大学教师之间关系的演变作了剪影式呈现；并由第三节“二战前美国大学发展之特征与大学知识分子面临的挑战”导入对美国大学与学院知识分子问题的论述。第二章考察了二战结束后、冷战随即揭幕的四分之一世纪(1945～1970)里美国政府与大学“合作科研”情景中学院知识分子对待此类合作的冷静立场与反对声音,科研至上与“两种文化”分野的加深与人文知识分子的坚守,反共浪潮与相对主义思潮中学院知识分子的应对与抗争以及大学扩张过程中美国公共知识分子向校园隐退的原因及对学院知识分子的影响。第三章阐述了在1970年代经济危机影响下“学生消费至上”流行的美国大学中,课程分化与职业化倾向的加剧与学院知识分子对大学精神价值的反思以及职业安全遭遇挑战,学院知识分子转变立场、拿起集体谈判的武器为捍卫自身权益进行的斗争,肯定性行动的崇高目的与带来的“事实的不平等”及其引发的来自学院知识分子的批判。第四章借助个案研究的方法解析了美国政治进入保守时代后,学院右派“新保守主义”知识分子与激进左派之间的文化论战,并揭示了在大众媒体日益发达、为知识分子提供公共言论平台的时代学院知识分子须当严守的专业底线。“结语”部分从大学与知识分子共有的精神品性、专业化时代与学院知识分子的炼就、大学科学知识分子与人文知识分子的不同使命以及学院知识分子的主要职责等方面进行总结。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this paper, the author systematically studies the history of the struggle and decision making process of American university teachers,which being represented by the Academic Intellectuals, in the changes of their occupational situation in the postwar period till the1990s,and strives to fully present the position and style of the American Academic Intellectuals in a variety of historical events, and make an in-depth analysis of the historical evolution in the relationship among the society, universities and university teachers,tries to put the American Academic Intellectuals’ extraordinary experience of striving and adhering into the development process of university and society to investigate.The study develops a dimension of intellectuals, making comprehensive use of literature studies, case analysis and other methods,also using the theory of intellectuals as a theory tool.According to different characteristics of each period, the study expands in three topic-periods:the political-dominanting era (1945-1970), the economic-crisis era (1971-1980) and the culture-war era (1981-the1990s).It comprises six general parts:The Preface embraces how the thesis coming into being, the significance and innovation of the study, a literature review, the thoughts showed and methods used, some important definitions and the deficiencies of the study.Chapter One makes a necessary combing in the evolution of the university form and the changes of intellectuals’rights and status going with from the Middle Ages, and also a sketch of the evolvement in relationship between universities and university teachers from the antiquity to modern society.The third section in this part leads in a discourse of the universities and Academic Intellectuals in America.Chapter Two examines the calm position and critical opinions of the Academic Intellectuals on "Cooperative Research"between the U.S. government and universities in the context of the end of World War Ⅱ and the opening of the Cold War, shows a prevailing "Scientific Research Supremacy" state and a distinction between "Two Cultures" in which the Humanistic Intellectuals how to hold their ground, gives a profile of the Academic Intellectuals’struggle and response against the anti-Communist wave and Relativism Thoughts, also analyses the causes of the American Public Intellectuals’retreating to the campus and the impact upon the Academic Intellectuals.Chapter Three describes the prevailing of the "Student Consumerism" concept and the growing of differentiation and professional tendency in college curriculum in which the Academic Intellectuals reflecting on the value of universities in the economic-crisis situation in the1970s. And when occupational safety was in danger, Academic Intellectuals changed their position to take up the arms in form of "collective bargaining" to defend their own interests.Lastly,the noble purpose of the "Affirmative Action" in contrast to its inequal effects in practice inflamed criticism from the Academic Intellectuals.Chapter Four depicts the scene of the Culture War between the College Right "Neoconservatives" and the radical Left in the American-political-conservative age, using the method of case analysis, and emphasizes the professional base line Academic Intellectuals should keep in a flourishing era of the Mass Media which could provide a platform for intellectuals’public speech.The Epilogue summarizes the paper in four aspects:the spirit characters shared by universities and intellectuals, the professional era in which Academic Intellectuals being cast, the different missions assumed by the Sciences Intellectuals and the Humanities Intellectuals in universities and the leading responsibilities of the Academic Intellectuals.更多还原