【作者】 史界；

【导师】 张先亮；

【作者基本信息】 新疆大学 ， 马克思主义基本原理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 人的解放是马克思主义的出发点和归宿，妇女解放是人的解放的一个重要组成部分，寓于人的解放之中，与人类解放的目标和进程一致。本论文是从马克思主义人的解放视角出发，立足于新时期（1978年——至今）的妇女群体，把人的解放理论与现实问题联系起来探讨妇女解放的理论与实践，从人的发展高度审思妇女问题，并同中国具体国情相结合以丰富中国妇女解放运动的践行模式和运作机制。本论文由导论、六章正文及结语构成。导论部分主要介绍选题依据、目的和意义；国内外研究现状以及论文的研究方法、思路及创新。第一章主要分析新时期中国妇女解放的理论基础，共分为四节内容。首先以马克思主义人的解放的内涵为切入点，认为生产解放、社会解放及思想解放构成了人的解放的一般内涵，劳动解放、政治解放、阶级解放以及人的自由全面发展构成了人的解放的主要内涵，妇女解放本质上是人的解放，是恢复人的价值和尊严。其次，具体分析马克思、恩格斯妇女解放理论的主要内涵。主要观点有：私有制的确立是妇女成为被压迫者和被剥削者的根源；妇女解放的先决条件是重新回到公共事业中去；根本途径是消灭私有制；妇女的彻底解放与整个无产阶级胜利紧密相联。再次是分析列宁的妇女解放思想，他在继承马克思、恩格斯妇女解放理论的基础上结合俄国实际情况加以发展，认为妇女彻底解放的途径需要分“二步走”，废除土地和工厂的私有制是妇女解放的主要一步；妇女参与政治活动是苏维埃共和国的任务之一；妇女解放是无产阶级解放的重要组成部分；并提倡男女平等，保障妇女权益。最后分析毛泽东对马克思主义妇女解放理论的继承与发展。主要观点有：妇女受压迫的根源是阶级压迫；妇女解放是阶级解放和中华民族解放的重要组成部分；妇女解放的物质前提是参加生产劳动，实现经济独立；保障妇女各项权益、重视妇女干部的培养。第二章主要分析新时期中国妇女解放理论的发展创新，共分为三节内容。首先是邓小平理论是改革开放新时期妇女解放的行动指南。主要包含的思想有：“解放思想，实事求是”是妇女解放的思想基础；社会主义初级阶段理论是妇女解放的理论依据；社会主义市场经济是妇女解放的物质条件；改革开放是妇女解放的必由之路。其次，分析了世纪之交马克思妇女解放理论的新发展。主要体现为“三个代表”重要思想是新世纪新阶段妇女解放的指导思想；通过立法形式确定了男女平等的基本国策；制定进一步保障妇女权益的法律和政策。最后探讨了科学发展观视域下马克思主义妇女解放理论的完善与创新。面对新形势、新任务，提出科学发展观是妇女解放的重要思想武器；要以人为本，促进妇女全面自由发展，从而实现两性和谐发展。第三章主要分析新时期中国妇女解放的理论特征、实践成就及经验。首先，归纳总结了新时期妇女解放理论四个新特征：指导思想新、目的任务新、物质基础新、解放途径新。即：以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导思想；以围绕经济建设开展妇女运动，从社会发展中求妇女解放为目的任务；以社会主义市场经济的确立和发展作为物质基础；以妇女全面参与经济社会发展为进一步解放的途径。其次，从实践的角度分析了新时期妇女在参政、就业、受教育和妇女权益保障方面所取得的巨大成就。最后，总结新时期妇女解放的主要经验，即：坚持中国共产党的领导是妇女解放的根本保证，坚持马克思主义妇女观是推动妇女解放的重要前提，参与社会主义现代化建设是推动妇女进一步解放的根本途径，积极参与国际妇女活动，中国妇女解放离不开世界妇女的解放。第四章主要分析新时期中国妇女解放所面临的实践挑战，分别是以妇女参政、就业、受教育及遭遇家庭暴力为专题进行探讨。首先是妇女参政方面存在的主要问题，表现为女性参政比例总体发展缓慢，女性参政结构有失平衡，妇女参政的比例与国际社会存在一定的差距；其次是妇女就业面临的挑战，主要表现为女性失业增多，再就业状况不容乐观；女性在就业过程中遭遇性别歧视以及女性在业人口的职业性别隔离问题突显。再次是妇女受教育存在的主要问题，表现为女性受教育中的性别差距、地区差距以及受教育机会的不平等。最后是分析妇女是家庭暴力中弱势群体，针对妇女的家庭暴力增加；家庭暴力严重影响和危害女性的身心健康。第五章探析影响中国妇女解放进程的原因，分别从政治因素、经济因素、文化因素、女性主体性因素四个方面进行解读。第一，政治因素主要从三个方面进行分析：政治现代化进程中妇女所追求的解放与平等仍然遭遇制度屏障；政治社会化进程中社会性别视角的缺失；动员型政治参与方式忽略妇女个性发展诉求。第二，经济因素主要探讨了劳动性别分工的固化是制约妇女解放的直接经济根源，市场经济加剧妇女在劳动力市场边缘化趋势以及经济全球化加深了妇女对男性和社会的双重依赖。第三，主要从传统性别文化、现代文化的性别危机以及西方女性主义文化的视角来剖析羁绊妇女解放的文化因素；最后是从女性主体性地位确立进程缓慢、女性主体性的弱化及片面、畸形发展以及女性综合素质较低三方面来分析影响妇女解放的主体性因素。第六章探讨新时期中国妇女解放的对策思考，主要从五个方面入手：第一，是在国家层面上把性别平等纳入决策主流，发挥国家在妇女解放中的主导作用；第二是以经济建设为中心，夯实妇女解放的经济基础；第三是构建先进性别文化，引领妇女解放的正确方向；第四是增强女性主体意识，挖掘妇女解放的内在驱动力；第五是创新妇联工作，推进妇联在妇女解放中的支柱作用。文章的结语部分指出人的自由而全面发展是马克思主义人类解放的终极目标和归宿，妇女解放的最终目标就是女性作为一个完整的、具有女性特质的人的自由而全面的发展。尽管新时期中国妇女解放还面临诸多挑战，但妇女解放、男女平等已成为不可阻挡的世界潮流，作为拥有几千年人类文明、综合国力快速提升的中国一定会在推进妇女解放方面对世界作出更大、更新的贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 The liberation of the people is the starting point of Marxism, the emancipation ofwomen is an important part of human liberation, women’s liberation resides amonghuman liberation, which is consistent with the objectives and process of humanliberation. The paper is the emancipation of mankind from Marxism perspective,which based on women’s groups in the new era (1978-present), linked humanliberation theory and practical issues to explore the theory and practice of women’sliberation. To think women’s issues from the development of a high degree ofmankind, and practice mode and operation mechanism to enrich the Chinese Women’sliberation Movement with China’s specific national conditions.This thesis inculdes the introduction, six chapters text and concluding remarks.The Introduction section introduces topics in accordance with the purpose andsignificance; research status and dissertation research methods, ideas and innovation.The first chapter analyzes the theoretical basis of the Chinese women’s liberationin the new era, which divided into four content. First, the connotation of Marxismliberation as a starting point, which think the production and liberation, socialliberation and emancipation of the mind constitute the general meaning of humanliberation, labor liberation, political liberation, all-round development of classemancipation and human freedom constitute the liberation of the people’s mainlyconnotation. the nature of women’s liberation is the liberation of the people, to restorehuman values and dignity. Second, specifically analyzes the main connotation of thetheory of Marx and Engels women’s liberation. The main points are: the establishmentof private ownership is the root that women have become the oppressors andexploiters. a prerequisite for women’s liberation is back to public utilities; thefundamental approach is to eliminate private ownership; the complete liberation ofwomen is closely linked with the overall victory of the proletariat. Re-analysis ofLenin’s women emancipating the mind, the main point is the actual situation in the inheritance of Marx and Engels, women’s liberation theory based on the combinationof Russia to be developed, that the conditions of women’s complete liberation to bedivided into "two step", the abolition of private ownership of land and factories is amajor step in the emancipation of women; women’s participation in political activitiesis one of the tasks of the Soviet Republic, the emancipation of women is an importantpart of the emancipation of the proletariat; and to promote gender equality andwomen’s rights. Finally, analyze the inheritance and development of Mao Zedong onthe women’s liberation theory of Marxism. The main points are: the root causes ofwomen’s oppression is class oppression; the liberation of women is an important partof class liberation and the Chinese people’s liberation; the material premise of theemancipation of women is to participate in productive labor and achieve economicindependence; to protect the rights and interests of women, attention to the training ofwomen cadres.The second chapter explores the new era of Chinese women liberation theorydevelopment and innovation. It divided into three Points. Firstly, Deng XiaopingTheory is the women’s liberation guiding to action in new era of reform and openingup.The main ideas contained in "seek truth from facts" is the guiding ideology of theemancipation of women; the primary stage of socialism theory is the theoretical basisfor the emancipation of women; the socialist market economy is the materialconditions of women’s liberation; reform and opening up is the only way for women’sliberation. Followed on the theory of Marxism-women’s liberation in the new century.shows that the "Three Represents" is the guiding ideology for the emancipation ofwomen in the new century; Through legislation to determine the basic state policy ofequality between men and women; to strengthen democracy and legal system tofurther protect the rights of women. Finally, we discuss the improvement andinnovation of Marxism under the scientific concept of development as the domain ofwomen’s liberation theory. Facing the new situation and new tasks, an important ideological weapon of the scientific concept of development of women’s liberation; bepeople-oriented, and promote women’s full and free development in order to achievegender and harmonious development.The third chapter analyzes the theoretical characteristics of practicalachievements and experience of Chinese women’s liberation in the new era. Firstsummarize the four new features of the new era of women’s liberation, that is the newguiding ideology, the new tasks and new purpose, a new material basis and a newliberation ways.Deng Xiaoping Theory and "Three Represents" as the guidingideology of the new era; focus on economic construction in the women’s movement,the purpose of seeking the liberation of women from the social development tasks; tothe establishment and development of the socialist market economy laid the materialfoundation for a new women’s liberation; to women’s full participation in economicand social development to promote itself to further liberation ways. Second, from apractical point of view of the new era of women in politics, employment, educationand women’s rights protection by the tremendous achievements. Finally, the summaryof the new era of women’s liberation four main aspects of experience, namely: theadherence to the Communist Party of China’s leadership is the fundamental guaranteeof women’s liberation, adhere to the Marxist concept of women is an importantprerequisite for participation in the modernization to promote the emancipation ofwomen is fundamental to promote women’s liberation way, to strengthen internationalcooperation, the Chinese women’s liberation need the liberation of women in theworld.The fourth chapter analyzes practical difficulties of Chinese women’s liberationin the new era. I explore the topic based on women’s political participation,employment, education and experience domestic violence. First, the plight of womenin politics, mainly to slow the overall development of the proportion of women inpolitics, the structure of women in politics unbalanced, there is a gap in the proportion of women in politics and the international community; which followed by the plightof women’s employment, mainly for women unemployment increased, there-employment situation is not optimistic; women encounter in the course ofemployment to highlight the problem of gender discrimination and occupational sexsegregation of women in the industry population. Once again, women faced thedifficulties of the education, mainly for women by the gender gap in education,regional disparities and inequality of educational opportunities. Finally, analysiswomen are vulnerable groups of domestic violence, which increased domesticviolence against women; a serious impact of domestic violence and endangerwomen’s physical and mental health.The fifth chapter of the perspective of the plight of the women’s liberationpractice reasons, from four aspects of parsing, that is political factors, economicfactors, cultural factors, female subjectivity factors. First, political factors from thebarrier system in the process of political modernization, a general lack of a genderperspective in the process of political socialization, and the mobilizing politicalparticipation ignores the demands of the three aspects of women’s personalitydevelopment; Second, economic factors discusses the curing of the sexual division oflabor is to restrict women’s liberation direct economic roots of the market economy,exacerbated by women’s marginalization in the labor market trends and economicglobalization has deepened the dual dependence of women on men and society. Third,from the gender perspective of traditional gender culture, the crisis of modern cultureand the culture of Western feminism to analyze the cultural factors of the fetters of theemancipation of women; finally, from three areas to analyze the main factors affectwomen’s liberation. that is female subjectivity position to establish the slow process ofweakening of female subjectivity and one-sided, deformity development as well as thelower women’s overall quality.Chapter VI discusses the countermeasures analysis of the new era of Chinese women’s liberation from five aspects: First, make the gender equality into thedecision-making mainstream from the national level, to play the leading role of thenational women’s liberation; the second based on economic construction as the centerand consolidated the economic foundation of women’s liberation; the third is to buildadvanced gender culture to lead the right direction of women’s liberation; the fourth isto enhance the female consciousness, and tap the intrinsic driving force for theemancipation of women; the fifth is an innovative women’s federations work topromote the pivotal role of the Women’s Federation in the women’s liberation.The conclusion of the article pointed out that human freedom and comprehensivedevelopment of Marx the ultimate goal of human liberation and the ultimatedestination, the ultimate goal of the emancipation of women is that womendevelopment as a complete freedom and comprehensive femininity. While women’sliberation in the new era China also faces many challenges, but the emancipation ofwomen and gender equality have become an irresistible trend of the world, asthousands of years of human civilization, the rapid promotion of comprehensivenational strength of China will promote the emancipation of the world to make greaterupdated contribution.更多还原