身体转向与美学的改造

【作者】 韦拴喜；

【导师】 李西建；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 文艺学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 20世纪七八十年代以来,与消费社会的全面来临相伴随,名目繁多的身体产业的勃兴,以及众多理论研究对身体重要性的重新发现,标志着一个被布莱恩·特纳(Bryan S. Turner)称之为“身体社会崛起”的时代的到来。在这样的时代语境中,作为继杜威和罗蒂之后的实用主义哲学的代表人物,理查德·舒斯特曼(Richard Shusterman)立足于其新实用主义哲学和美学的独特立场,首次提出了“身体美学”(Somaesthetic)的概念,并积极致力于身体美学的学科建构与理论完善。作为对时代文化症候的一种理论表征和理论应对,舒斯特曼的身体美学理论理所当然地受到了国内外学界的广泛关注和热烈讨论。本论文试图在细读舒斯特曼相关原典著作的基础上,对舒斯特曼的身体美学理论的来龙去脉做出细致的梳理和审慎的分析,力求凸显身体美学出场的理论背景和哲学奠基、身体美学的基本内容及最新理论进展,探讨身体美学在当代跨文化语境中的历史境遇及发展趋向,并思考身体美学对中国美学理论建构的启示意义,从而全面而系统地呈现舒斯特曼身体美学的全貌,以彰显其理论特色、哲学贡献及时代价值。基于此,本论文基本思路的展开与主要内容如下：绪论除概述选题缘起与研究意义,国内外研究现状,基本思路与主要内容,研究方法、重难点及创新之处外,并结合布莱恩·特纳、约翰·奥尼尔、马塞尔·莫斯、玛丽·道格拉斯等思想家以及舒斯特曼本人对“身体”的相关论述,阐明身体概念的规定性及其基本内涵。身体问题是贯穿整个西方哲学和美学史的中心问题之一,可以说,整个西方哲学和美学史就是一部身体由“缺席”走向“出场”再到凸显的历史。身体的转向史作为身体美学出场的文化背景和理论源头,为身体美学的学科构想提供了丰富而宝贵的思想资源。在根本意义上,身体美学的提出缘于对西方传统的意识美学(如柏拉图、奥古斯丁、笛卡尔等)身心分离、扬心抑身的思想走势和价值取向的一种反思和纠拨,身体在现代美学中的“出场”,即诸多思想家(如尼采、梅洛庞蒂等)对身体所做的关注、思考和诠释,无疑为身体美学的提出提供了不竭的思想源泉,而身体在后现代消费社会(如福柯、费瑟斯通等)的凸显则直接促成了身体美学理论的诞生。因此,论文第二章便是以西方哲学和美学史上的关键人物为线索,对作为身体美学出场之文化背景的身体转向史进行阐述。身体美学的提出一方面是舒斯特曼对西方传统美学进行反思与纠拨的理论自觉的产物,另一方面则是其实用主义美学思想深化拓展的必然结果。作为新实用主义哲学和美学的代表人物,舒斯特曼的研究贯穿了实用主义的方法论立场和理论旨趣,并在反思罗蒂新实用主义之后,立足于杜威经典实用主义的基础,对分析哲学与解构主义的矛盾进行调和,最终形成了自己独特的哲学和美学思想。基于此,论文第三章拟从实用主义的产生及其历史发展、舒斯特曼的新实用主义哲学和美学建构(舒斯特曼对实用主义基本思想的继承、舒斯特曼对罗蒂主义与杜威思想的扬弃、舒斯特曼新实用主义的独特立场)两个方面对作为身体美学之哲学基础的实用主义进行概述。舒斯特曼身体美学的学科建构经历了一个理论酝酿、正式提出、发展完善的过程。舒斯特曼学术历程中的两次转变(由分析哲学到实用主义,再由实用主义到关注身体),以及他对哲学与美学的重新定位,对鲍姆嘉通“感性学”(Aesthetica)的反思,促发了他关于身体美学的学科提议。身体美学可划分为作为理论建构的身体美学与实践应用中的身体美学两个基本层面,包涵有分析的身体美学、实用主义的身体美学、实践的身体美学三个基本维度。舒斯特曼对身体感受、身体经验、身体意识等范畴的论述则展示了身体美学的理论进展。当然,身体美学在得到诸多肯定和支持的同时,也不可避免地遭到了来自各方的质疑和批判。基于此,论文第四章从身体美学的理论酝酿、身体美学的基本内涵、身体美学遭遇的批评及其回应三个方面对舒斯特曼身体美学的理论建构展开详细论述。论文第五章阐释舒斯特曼身体美学的特征与贡献。舒斯特曼身体美学的特征主要体现在：理论性与实践性的统一、对话意识与多元主义的贯穿、身体观照与人道关怀的结合等三个方面。舒斯特曼身体美学的贡献则包括其哲学价值、对美学的改造以及其现实意义,哲学价值即身体美学在哲学、伦理学、政治学、舞蹈和音乐教育以及女性主义等领域的理论价值。舒斯特曼身体美学对美学的改造主要体现在：对二元论传统的解构、对审美属性(审美静观论与审美无功利原则)的突破、对通俗艺术的审美辩护,以及对美学理论边界的拓展等四个方面。现实意义即身体美学在体育、健美、节食、时尚、美容化妆、残疾的治疗、行为艺术、电脑设计等实践领域的广泛应用。在当代跨文化、跨学科的语境之下,舒斯特曼身体美学作为一个处于发展完善中的理论体系,它与中国最具影响力的美学流派——实践美学以及一些新兴的美学分支学科,如日常生活美学、环境美学等之间都存在着“必要的张力”。此外,舒斯特曼在建构身体美学的过程中,吸收和借鉴了中国古代哲学和美学中的诸多身体理论资源,这无疑为中国美学的理论思考开启了一个全新的切入视角和研究维度。因此,论文第六章旨在探讨身体美学与实践美学、日常生活美学、环境美学之间的互动与会通,以及身体美学对中国美学理论的借鉴意义和启示价值。结语指出了舒斯特曼身体美学存在的可待商榷之处,并概括性地重申了身体美学的独特价值与贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since1970s and80s of the last century, as the more comprehensive consumer society came, flourish of various kinds of body industry and the rediscover of importance of body by many theoretical researches marked the coming of a time named body social rise" by Bryan S. Turner. In the context era, as the representative of Pragmatism Philosophy after Dewey and Rorty,Richard, Shusterman put forward the concept of Somaesthetic firstly based on its unique position of neo-pragmatism Philosophy and Aesthetics, and devoted himself actively to the discipline construction and theory improvement of the Somaesthetic. As a theoretical expression and theoretical response to era symptoms, Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic received extensive attention naturally by the academic circles at home and abroad.Based on reading Richard Shusterman’s related original works, the paper tries to comb and analyze the origin and development of Richard shusterman’s Somaesthetic in detail, and aims to highlight Somaesthetic’s theoretical background, philosophical foundation, the basic content, as well as theoretical progress, and then to discuss the historical circumstances and development trend of Somaesthetic, and think about the enlightenment to construction of Chinese aesthetics, thus present the full picture of Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic comprehensively and systematically and reveal Somaesthetic’s theoretical characteristics, philosophical contribution and the times significance. Based on this, the paper’s basic idea and main contents are as bellow.Besides the summarization of the subject origin, the research significance, the present situation of research, the basic concept and main content, research methods, key points and difficult points as well as innovation points, the introduction takes the relevant statement of "body" of Bryan S. Turner, John O’Neill, Marcel Mauss, Dame Mary Douglas and Richard Shusterman as an example to clarify the prescriptive and the basic connotation of the concept "body".Body subject is one of the center subjects throughout the whole history of western philosophy and aesthetics. It can be said that the whole history of western philosophy and aesthetics is a history of "body" from "absent" to "appearance" and then to "highlight". Body turning history, as a cultural background and theoretical source of the appearance of Somaesthetic, provides rich and valuable theoretical resources for Somaesthetic. Somaesthetic is a kind of reflection and criticism to the ideological trend and the value orientation of mind-body disparity and preference for the heart over the body in western traditional consciousness of aesthetics (Platon, Augustin, Descartes, etc.). Appearance of body in modern aesthetics for example, the focus, thinking and demonstration on the body by Nietzsche, Merleau-Ponty provides an inexhaustible ideological source and body highlights in the Postmodern consumer society(Michel Foucault, M. Featherstone, etc.) is directly contributed to the birth of Somaesthetic. The Second Chapter of the paper expounds the history of body turning which as the cultural background of appearance of Somaesthetic through the key person in the history of western philosophy and aestheticsOn the one hand, Somaesthetic’s put forward of the theory is consciousness to the reflection and criticism of western traditional aesthetics. On the other hand, it is an inevitable result of the deepening and expanding of pragmatic aesthetics. As the representative of neo-pragmatism philosophy and aesthetics, Richard Shusterman’s research employs the methodology and theoretical purport of Pragmatism. After reflection on Rorty’s pragmatism, and based on the thought of Dewey, he reconciled the contradictions between analytic philosophy and deconstruction, and formed his own unique philosophy and aesthetics eventually. So the Third Chapter of the paper discusses pragmatism which is the philosophical basis of Somaesthetic from two aspects. One is the birth of pragmatism and its historical development, the other is Richard Shusterman’s neo-pragmatism philosophy and aesthetics construction. The latter includes three aspects:Richard Shusterman inherited the basic idea of pragmatism; Richard Shusterman discarded Rorty’s Pragmatism and Dewey’s thought, and the Unique position of Richard Shusterman’s neo-pragmatism.The subject construction of Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic experienced a process of theory brewing, formally proposing, and developing into to perfect. The two changes(from analytical philosophy to pragmatism, furthermore, to focusing on body) in Richard Shusterman’s academic course and his repositioning to the philosophy and aesthetics of, as well as his reflection on Aesthetica of Alexander Gottliel Baumgarten, promoted his disciplinary proposal on Somaesthetic. Somaesthetic can be divided into two basic levels. One is the theoretical construction of Somaesthetic, and the other is practice application of Somaesthetic. In particular, it has three fundamental dimensions, which are analytic Somaesthetic, pragmatic Somaesthetic and practical Somaesthetic. Richard Shusterman’s analys is on body feelings, Somatics experience and Body consciousness, which shows Somaesthetic’s theoretical progress. Somaesthetic received a great deal of affirmation and supports, and meanwhile, it also suffered from the question and critique from all sides inevitably. So Chapter Four expounds in detail the theoretical construction of Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic from three aspects, which include theoretical brewing of Somaesthetic, basic content of Somaesthetic and criticisms encountered by Somaesthetic and its response.Chapter Five explains characteristics of Somaesthetic and its contributions. The characteristics of Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic mainly lie on the following three aspects:unity of theory and practice, implementation of dialogue consciousness and pluralism, integration of body care and humanitarian. Contributions of Somaesthetic include its philosophical value, reconstruction of aesthetic, and its practical significance. Its philosophical value is the theoretical value demonstrated in Philosophy, ethics, political science, dance and music education, as well as feminist and other fields. The transformation to aesthetics by Shusterman’s Somaesthetic reflects on the following four aspects:digestion on dualism tradition, breakthrough of aesthetic attribution (non-utilitarianism aesthetics and aesthetics as disinterestedness), aesthetic defense to popular art, and boundary expansion of aesthetic theory. Its practical significance lies on the wide application on the practical field such as sports, fitness, diet, fashion, beauty, disability treatment, performance art, computer design and so on.In the contemporary cross-cultural and interdisciplinary context, as a theoretical system in the process of development, there are Indispensable Tension between Richard Shusterman’s Somaesthetic and Practice Aesthetics, the most influential aesthetics school in China, and some emerging branch discipline of aesthetics, such as Environmental Aesthetics and Aesthetics of Daily Life, In addition, in the process of Somaesthetic construction, Richard Shusterman absorbed and drawn lessons from many resources of body theory of ancient Chinese philosophy and aesthetics, which provided a new perspective and research dimensions for Chinese aesthetics theory undoubtedly. Therefore, Chapter Six aims to explore interaction between Somaesthetic and practical aesthetics, aesthetics of daily life and environmental aesthetics as well as the reference significance and the enlightenment value of Somaesthetic on Chinese aesthetics theory.The author points out In the Conclusion part that there are field needs to be explore further for Shusterman’s Somaesthetic, and reiterate the particular value and contribution of Somaesthetic.更多还原