节点文献
唐代俗文学研究
【作者】 杨晓慧；
【导师】 霍松林；
【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代文学， 2012， 博士
【摘要】 唐帝国是诗的国度,唐代诗歌光芒四射,光照千古,因而自古及今,世人对唐诗的研究熙熙攘攘、络绎不绝。唐文的研究虽不如唐诗那样热闹纷繁,但也不绝如缕,且大有愈演愈烈之势。与唐诗研究的门庭若市,唐文研究的日益升温相比,唐代俗文学活动的研究则有些岑寂冷落。事实上,唐代国家统一,经济发达,唐朝统治者推行开明、兼容的文化政策,为文化的发展创造了有利的氛围。唐代实行对外开放政策,中外文化交流频繁,民族融合进一步加强,因而唐代文化呈现出全面繁荣的态势。唐代文学的发展,有一种日益俗化的趋势。至中晚唐时期,各种俗文学活动热闹纷繁、异彩纷呈。可是,由于俗文学历来不受重视,因而文献记载较少,加之有些俗文学形式乃口传心授,本不易流传,所以俗文学的研究既受到观念的影响,也受到资料匮乏的羁绊。而唐代雅文学与俗文学是唐代文学母体的双翼,要全面深入地研究唐代文学,俗文学之研究自然不可忽视。近年来,随着敦煌文献的发掘,唐代俗文学的研究日益丰富深入,但多为具体篇目地探究,宏观整体地把握较少。即便是有些宏观地研究,也多集中在基本内容地介绍,相对来说,还缺乏较为深入地整体研究。鉴于此,本文试图对唐代俗文学活动生成的原因及条件,唐代俗文学生成与都市民俗风情的关系,唐代俗文学活动的生产、传播与消费特征,唐代俗文学活动与雅文学的互动,唐代俗文学活动对后世俗文学活动的影响等方面做新的探索性研究。俗文学作品的分类是个众说纷纭的话题,现存的许多分类中常有标准不一的现象。针对唐代俗文学的实际情况,参照赵景深先生的观点,笔者将唐代俗文学活动按照表现形式,分为口承俗文学活动和笔传俗文学活动。口承俗文学活动包括：俗讲、变文、话本、戏曲、民谣、颜语等等。笔传俗文学活动分为：俗诗、词文、俗赋、曲子词、唐传奇、竹枝词等。当然,这种分类并不是绝对的。唐代口承俗文学的成就是最为耀眼的,其参与者非常广泛。笔传俗文学留下了更多士人的手迹。笔者在此对唐代各体俗文学活动的基本情况进行了介绍与总结。唐代俗文学生成的原因及条件是多方面的,除了我们常说的政治经济等原因外,还有其他多方面的原因,如仪式宗教,多元开放,城市繁荣以及人们对功利目的地追求等等,都促进了唐代俗文学的发生发展。历史传承是唐代俗文学的历史渊源；俚俗都市是唐代俗文学的市民热情；寺庙酒肆是唐代俗文学的活动中心。在整个人类文学创作与审美活动中,由于受到生产力水平,社会整体文化水平等因素的影响,高雅文学活动的参与者相对较少,而通俗文学活动的参与者相对较多,这是人类雅俗文学活动的普遍倾向。除此之外,唐代文学还呈现出明显的雅俗共赏的倾向。这种倾向主要表现在唐代的雅俗文学在当时都很受欢迎；同时,很多文人士子既能创作雅文学,又能创作俗文学,可谓雅俗兼擅。唐代俗文学与诗歌、散文等正统雅文学的发展处于相融互补的关系之中,文人雅士往往从当时流行的口授心传的俗文学作品中获取再创作的素材,而俗文学则借助于文人再创造使自身得到提高,同时在书面化的过程中获得更为广泛的流传。因而形成唐代文学发展中这种雅俗互动、雅俗互补的现象,对后世通俗文学的繁荣发展,提供了有益的启示。俗文学活动作为文学活动的一部分,它包括俗文学作品的生产、传播、接受与消费活动。唐代俗文学活动的生产消费特征包括实用性的俗文学活动,夸示性的俗文学活动,人格化的俗文学活动。俗文学的实用性即功利性,这种功利性使俗文学活动更注重其审美娱乐功能。20世纪美国著名的经济学家和社会学家维布伦提出了“夸示性消费”的理论,借用这种理论来分析唐代俗文学活动中的一些现象也未尝不可。关键在于,唐代的一些俗文学活动背后也存在着惊人的夸饰性消费成分。唐代俗文学的各种文体,既是在继承前代各种文体尤其是俗文体基础上的大发展,又对唐代及其后文人创作具有极大的影响与渗透。唐代俗文学创作题材和内容相当广泛,艺术成就同样引人瞩目。唐代俗文学不但具有很高的文学史价值,也从多方面展现了当时的社会历史,因而具有文学史与社会历史的双重价值。唐代俗文学对后世文学有着巨大的影响。中国古代戏曲说唱结合、以演唱为主的艺术形式,应当深受敦煌变文的影响。而从后世戏曲的创作题材看,许多作品深受唐代说唱文学,甚至唐传奇的影响。同时,历史题材变文的基本要素乃至历史素材,对宋元话本及承变宋元话本之历史演义小说同样有着不可忽视的影响。现代以来,随着敦煌遗书的大发现,唐代俗文学得到空前的重视与研究。一方面,整理研究唐代敦煌俗文学的成果层出不穷,一方面,唐代俗文学继续发挥着其久远的影响力。
【Abstract】 The Tang Empire is the kingdom of poetry, and the Tang poems have been shinning through the ages. Therefore, the study of Tang poems has always been a hot spot from ancient times to present day. Though the study of Tang literature is not as hot as that of Tang poems, it is becoming more and more popular. Compared with the hot study of Tang poems and Tang literature, the study of Tang popular literature seems to be ignored. In fact, the developed economy, the enlightened and compatible cultural policies of the unified Tang Dynasty have created a favorable atmosphere for the development of culture. An opening-up policy adopted by Tang Dynasty, frequent Chinese and foreign cultural exchanges, strengthened national integration have caused the culture of Tang Dynasty to show a sight of overall prosperity.The development of Tang literature appears a trend of secularization. In the late Tang, a variety of popular literary activities are great lively. However, since the popular literature has always been neglected, there are scarce documentary records of it. Coupled with the "word-for-word" teaching of some popular literary, it is not easy to spread them, and thus the study of popular literature is obstructed by both the concept and the lack of materials. Elegant literature and popular literature in Tang Dynasty are the two wings of Tang literature. That is why the study of popular literature can not be ignored if we want to carry on a comprehensive and in-depth study of Tang literature.In recent years, with the exploration of Dunhuang literature, the study of Tang popular literature is increasingly abundant and deep, but most of them focus on the specific articles, rather than from a macroscopic angle. Even some are from a macroscopic angle, they usually concentrate in the introduction of the basic content. Relatively speaking, they still lack an in-depth and all-round study. Based on the above situations, this article tends to study the causes and conditions of generation of Tang popular literary activities, the relationship between the generation of Tang popular literature and urban folk customs, the production, dissemination and consumption characteristics of Tang popular literature activities, the interaction between Tang popular literary activities and the elegant literature, and the influence of new exploratory research of Tang popular literature on the post-secular literary activities.Classification of popular literature is a divergent topic, so there are different standards concerning them. In connection with the actual situation of Tang popular literature and with reference to Zhao Jingshen’ s view, the author classifies the Tang popular literature activities into oral popular literature activities and written popular literature activities in accordance with the expression forms. Oral popular literature activities include the popular talk, transformation text, scripts for story-telling, opera, ballad and proverb. Written popular literature activities are divided into the popular poetry, word text, popular Fu, song words, Tang legend, and folk songs with love as their themes and so on. of course, this classification is not absolute. The achievements of Tang oral popular literature is the most dazzling. And the participants encompassed a wide range. While Tang written popular literature has left more scholars’handwriting. Here, the author describes and summarizes the basic situations of each kind of Tang popular literature activity.The causes and conditions for the Tang popular literature are from many aspects. Except for that we often say the political and economic reasons, there are still many other reasons such as religious ceremony, multi-openness, urban prosperity as well as the people’s pursuit of utility, etc., which all have contributed to the occurrence and development of Tang popular literature. The historical evolution is the historical origins of Tang popular literature; secular urban is full of public enthusiasm for Tang popular literature; the temple and wine shop are the activity centers of Tang popular literature.In the entire human literary creativity and aesthetic activities, the participants of the elegant literary activities are relatively less than that of the popular literature due to the factors such as the productivity level and the overall social cultural level. This is a general tendency of human beings for elegant and popular literary activities. Besides of this, the Tang literature shows a tendency of suiting both refined and popular tastes. It is mainly manifested by that Tang elegant and popular literature are both popular at that time. Meanwhile, many scholars have not only created the elegant literature, but also the popular literature, which can be described as the refined and popular tastes coexist.Tang popular literature, poetry, prose and other orthodox elegant literature are in a harmonious and complementary relationship. The scholars can obtain the materials from oral popular literature for recreation, and the popular literature is improved for the scholars’recreation. At the same time, it is thus more widely spread in the written form. Therefore, the interaction of elegant and popular literature in the development of Tang literary has provided useful enlightens for the flourishing development of post popular literature. Popular literary activities, as a part of the literary activities, include the production, dissemination and consumption of popular literature works. The characteristics of production and consumption generated in the Tang popular literature include practical popular literary activities, exaggerated popular literary activities and personalized popular literary activities. The practicality of popular literature refers to its utilitarian, and this utilitarian causes the popular literature activities to pay more attention to its function of aesthetic and entertainment.In the20th century, the famous American economist and sociologist Veblen claimed the theory—"exaggerated consumption". And it is suitable to borrow this theory to analyze some phenomena in the Tang popular literature activities. The key point is that behind some Tang popular literary activities, there also exist exaggerated consumption components.Various styles of Tang popular literature develop on the basis of previous generations, and especially the popular style. It has a great impact and penetration on the scholars’creation in Tang and subsequent dynasties. The subjects and contents of Tang popular literature have a rather wide range, and its artistic achievement is equally impressive. Tang popular literature not only has extremely high historical value, but also shows the social history in many ways, so it has dual values both in literary value and social value.Tang popular literary has a great impact on the aftertime literature. In fact, the Chinese ancient opera adopts a "talk and sing" form, with singing as its main form. It is deeply influenced by Dunhuang transformation text. From the subjects of later opera, many works are deeply influenced by the Tang talk and sing literature, even the Tang legend. Meanwhile, the basic elements of historical transformation text and even historical materials can also not be ignored for its impact on "huaben"in Song and Yuan period and historical novels adapted from "huaben"in Song and Yuan period. In modern times, along with the discovery of ancient literature from Dunhuang, Tang popular literature has obtained unprecedented attention and study. On the one hand, the study results of Dunhuang popular literature in Tang Dynasty are flourishing; on the other hand, the Tang popular literature continues to unleash its long time influence power.