教师权威的困境与出路探索

【作者】 沈萍霞；

【导师】 刘新科；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 教师权威作为学校教育中一种重要的教育影响力,在教育教学过程中发挥着重要作用。如果缺少教师权威的力量,学校教育的目标是很难实现的。然而在新课程改革全面推进的今天,人们高呼着教育民主、学生自由,却将教师权威看作是教育发展过程中的绊脚石,教师权威正在遭受着一些人的质疑和批判。理论研究中研究者对教师权威的不同阐释,引起概念上的混乱,引发了教师的诸多困惑。与此同时,随着网络和信息技术的发展以及社会转型时期价值的多元化以及教育教学改革的深入,教师权威自身也在接受着来自方方面面的考验和挑战,教师权威陷入了前所未有的困境。本文以马克思主义关于权威的理论为研究起点,以马克思主义权威理论的本质,即权威是客观存在的社会现象、权威是普遍联系的交往形式、权威是强加与服从的矛盾统一体三个基本的观点为研究基础,论证教师权威是教育活动中客观存在的现象,教师权威有存在的合理性和必要性。通过分析教育教学过程中教师权威面临的困境问题,进而探索教师权威的出路问题,以期丰富教师权威的研究内容,深化对教师权威的认识和思考。教师权威是教师凭借国家、社会所赋予的教育权力及个人因素而产生的被认同、被尊重、被信任的教育影响力,表现为教学过程中学生对教师的信赖与遵从。这种信赖和服从是学生发自内心的、自愿的服从,而不是迫于外力的屈从。教师要赢得权威,得到学生的认可,既要依靠制度赋予教师职业的权力,更要依靠基于个人的德、能、学、识等形成的个人之魅。教师权威本质上是学生外在依附与内在生成的统一,是教师权力与教师魅力的统一,是形式权威与实质权威的统一教师权威本是一种积极的教育影响力,对维持教育教学的秩序,促进学生成长和教师发展都有积极的意义,但不可否认的是教育中确实有教师权威异化的现象存在,同时教师权威也有来自外部的压力和人们认识上的混乱问题,因此也有人反对教师权威甚至提出要消解教师权威。这就需要进一步对教师权威的概念、教师权威的合理性以及教师权威的运行途径等进行深入地剖析,使人们对教师权威有新的认识。只有树立正确的教师权威观,教师权威才会发挥应有的作用,对学生起到积极的作用,产生正面的影响。本文的重点就是探讨什么是合理的教师权威,如何摆脱教师权威目前的困境,建立合理的教师权威。在研究的过程中,文章重点研究以下几个方面：第一,以马克思主义权威理论为基础,对教师权威进行理论分析,阐述教师权威的内涵、变迁、来源、分类、特征及影响因素等,探讨教师权威与教育中的民主和自由之间的关系；第二,从宏观、中观和微观三个层面说明教师权威存在的合理性和必要性,进而探索教师权威的运行基础和运行机制；第三,对当前教师权威的困境进行剖析,认为教师权威面临着来自理论和实践的种种挑战；人们对教师权威也存在着认识误区,同时实践中存在着教师权威的异化现象。理论、实践的挑战和来自教育内部与外部的变化,使教师权威处境堪忧。第四,通过理论与实践的研究以及学理的分析,寻求一种出路的探索,即如何建立对学生、教师和教育发展有利的教师权威。对于这些路径的分析,有助于理清目前在理论研究中出现的种种误区,在一定程度上丰富了教师权威的理论研究,也有助于引领实践中教师的工作,帮助其形成合理的教师权威。更多还原

【Abstract】 The authority of teachers as an important educational influence plays an important role in the process of teaching. Without the authority of teachers, school educational goals are difficult to achieve. In the process of the new curriculum reform, people chants education democracy and freedom of students, and consider the authority of teachers as a stumbling block in the development of education. Teacher’s authority is suffering from people’s doubts and criticism. Different interpretation on theoretical study on teachers’ authority causes confusion in concepts and leads to teachers’ confusion. At the same time, along with the development of network and information technology, value diversification during the period of social transformation and the deepening of education reforms, teachers’authority itself faces all kinds of challenges. The authority of teachers falls into unprecedented predicament.This paper makes the Marxist theory on authority as the research foundation and takes the nature of the Marxist theory as the research starting point which is authority is a social phenomenon, authority is generally associated with the communication form, the authority is the contradictory unity between impose and obey. The author demonstrates that teacher’s authority is an objective phenomenon in educational activities and has rationality and necessity. By the analysis the dilemma of teachers’ authority in the teaching process, the author further explores the way of teacher’s authority which will enrich the authority of teachers research and deepen the understanding and thinking of teacher’s authority.Teachers’authority is educational power which is recognized, respected and trusted by students that resulted from personal factors and educational power conferred by the country and the society. It aspects students’trust and obey to teachers. This kind of trust and obedience are students from the bottom of my heart, willing obedience, but not external force surrender. If teacher wants to win the authority of students, he should rely on power not only from occupation system but also from personal charm formed by personal morality, learning and knowledge. Teacher’s authority is essentially the one which is the unity of students external attachment and intrinsic obedient, the unification of teachers’ power and charm and the uniform of authoritative form and substance.Teacher’s authority is a positive educational influence to maintain the teaching order and promote the growth of students and the development of teachers. But it is undeniable that there is the phenomenon of teachers’authority dissimilation. At the same time, the authority of teachers is facing the problem from external pressure and people understanding chaos. This requires further Analysis on the concept, rationality and operation way of teachers’authority, It will make people have new understanding for the authority of teachers.Only to establish the correct view of teacher’s authority, the authority of teachers will plays an active role for students and produces positive effect. The focus of this paper is to explore what is rational teachers’authority and how to get rid of the current predicament and how to establish a rational authority of the teachers. In the course of the study, this paper focuses on the following aspects:Firstly, based on the Marxist theory on authority, the author carries out theoretical analysis on the connotation, changing, origin, classification, characteristics and influential factors of the authority of teachers. At the same time, the author elaborates the relationship between authority and democracy and freedom. Secondly, from the macro, meso and micro dimension the author shows the rationality and necessity of existence of teachers’ authority, then explores the running basis and operation mechanism of teachers’ authority; Thirdly, the author mainly analyzes the dilemma and the predicaments of teachers’authority which mainly from the following aspects:the teacher’s authority is facing the theoretical and practical challenges; People have misunderstandings on the teachers’authority; there is dissimilation on teacher’s authority in the practice. The conclusion and the challenges from internal and external changes make the teachers’ authority in a worrying situation. Fourthly, how to walk out the predicament and explore the way to establish teachers’ authority that will meet the need of students, teachers and education. The analysis of these help to sort out the research errors in the theory and riches the theory research a certain extent and also contribute to lead the practice of teachers work, help them form the rational authority of the teachers.更多还原