【作者】 吴志民；

【导师】 傅懋毅；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 生态学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本论文采用定位观察、资料调研和抽样调查等综合研究方式，对闽、浙、湘等毛竹主产区各类毛竹林生物多样性状况与经营水平的关系进行了样地调查，查阅了我国生物多样性保护法律、政策和标准规程，并经过2年多的资料整理与数据分析，分别从技术和政策两方面提出了我国毛竹林植物多样性保护对略和建议：一、从技术层面看：1、发展毛竹混交林是一种较好的保护生物多样性和维持长期生产力的营林技术措施。毛竹-阔叶树混交具有较好的土壤自肥能力，对林分的生长有积极促进作用；高度集约经营的毛竹纯林虽然短期具有较高生产力，但因其林下植被发育差，土壤自肥能力差，水土流失严重，需要不断补充大量养分才能维持林分生产力。建议在低产林改造过程中，保留适当比例的阔叶树；而对地力衰退的毛竹纯林，则建议适当保留一些地带性建群种的幼树（300株/hm2），促进毛竹纯林向混交林演替，提高毛竹林生物多样性和维持立地长期生产力。2、毛竹林林下植物数量与林分的经营强度呈负相关。由于人为干扰，经营水平越高，毛竹林下植物数量和丰富度就越低,其多样性指数也呈相似规律，但地区间差异比较明显。建议高度集约经营仅用于笋用毛竹林中，而对材用毛竹林则适当降低经营强度，实现生态效益与经济效益的平衡。3、在抚育方面，垦覆严重抑制林下植被的发育，降低植物多样性，破坏动物及其它生物的栖息环境，且易引起水土流失，建议仅用于缓坡笋用毛竹林中；劈山对毛竹林下植被总生物量的影响小于垦覆，建议应用于材用毛竹林经营。4、在毛竹林施用化学除草剂后5年内林下植被受影响严重，但随后毛竹林下植被可自然更替并恢复至原有水平。因此，建议谨慎使用化学除草剂，而且间隔时间要长。5、林下植被表现是毛竹林地养分状况的指示器。林下植被能增加土壤的有机质含量，当林下植被生物量达到每公顷4吨时，毛竹林地土壤养分会得到改良，毛竹林地力得到有效维持。二、从政策方面看：1、我国虽已制定了一些保护竹类植物生物多样性的法律法规，但对竹林和竹子的定位不恰当，也没有适合竹子特点的专项法规。建议国家有关部门及时修订完善有关法律及实施细则，给予竹子资源一个合适的定位，以提高法律法规的适用性和严肃性。2、生物多样性保护是一个社会系统工程，需要全社会的参与。国家和地方政府要制定切实可行的生物多样性保护战略目标和实施计划，实行信息公开，并确保必需的人才、资金和行业政策。3、要积极推进毛竹林的多功能分类经营与管理。一是对毛竹公益林，在有利于发挥其生态功能和社会效益的前提下，允许对成熟竹林进行更新采伐。二是对现有毛竹商品林，仍未放开年度采伐限制的省份，应理顺机制，逐步允许经营者根据采伐量小于生长量的原则自主调配采伐额度，并报地方林业部门备案。在发挥其商品林主导功能的同时，充分发挥竹林的其他功能，鼓励乡土竹种造林和将人工纯竹林改造为多树种混交林分，形成镶嵌式多样性自然景观。三是根据各地条件和需求，加快速生商品林建设，努力提高毛竹商品林的单位产量和市场占有率，以达到损失少量毛竹商品林的生物多样性来换取更广大面积毛竹林的生物多样性保护。4、考虑到现有对竹公益林的生态效益补偿不足以激励地方和竹农放弃纯林集约经营的做法，国家和地方有关部门应根据实际情况，完善现行政策，逐步提高竹公益林生态效益补偿面积和单位补偿标准，鼓励竹农和其他经营者以可持续的方式经营和管理竹林。5、加强科技支撑体系，加强科研及管理机构间的协调，避免低水平重复立项，促进竹类植物生物多样性保护技术研究，及时制订和修订竹类植物多样性保护的技术标准或规程。6、加强竹林生物多样性保护的宣传教育。一是进一步丰富宣教内容和形式，提高宣教成效；二是既要加强对普通公众的宣传教育，更要加强对各级政府部门的宣传教育；三是加强宣教人员的培养，提高宣教人员的业务素质。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation made an integrated study through position observation, literature reviewand sample surveys on the relationship between plant diversity and level of management ofdifferent types of the Moso bamboo forests in the major bamboo producing areas in FujianProvince, Zhejiang Province and Hunan Province, and studied biodiversity related Chineselaws, policies, technical standards and codes, and proposed, on the basis of over2-year-longresearch and data analysis, strategies and policy recommendations for protection of plantbiodiversity in the Moso bamboo forests from technical and policy perspectives:I. From the perspective of protection techniques:1. Mixed Moso bamboo forest is a soundsilvicultural approach to protection of biological diversity and maintenance of long termproductivity. It is proven that mixed Moso broadleaved stands have good soil self fertilizationcapacity and play an promotional role in facilitating stand growth. The intensively managedMoso stand requires a lot of nutritional supplements to sustain stand productivity due to slowunder canopy growth, poor self fertilization capacity of the soil and serious water and soilerosion, despite of the high productivity of the stand in a short run. In this connection, it isrecommended that appropriate percentage of broadleaved trees be retained when the lowyielding pure Moso stand is transformed. For the degraded pure Moso stand, it isrecommended that certain percentage of under canopy young trees (300trees/hm2) of zonalconstructive species be retained wherever possible to promote succession from pure Mosostand to mixed forest, so as to enrich biodiversity in the Moso bamboo stand and maintain longterm site productivity.2. The number of under canopy plants in Moso stand is negativelycorrelated to the intensity of management of the stand. Due to human interference, the higherthe level of management is, the smaller the number of plants and the poorer the biodiversity are.Their diversity indices follow the same pattern with obvious differences from region to region.Therefore, it is recommended that the intensive management approach applies only to bambooshoot oriented Moso stand, whereas in the timber oriented Moso stand, intensity ofmanagement should be reduced, in order to keep balance between the ecological benefits and the economic benefits.3. As far as tending is concerned, the reclamation tending methodseriously constrains growth of under canopy vegetation, reduces plant biodiversity, bringsdamage to the habitats of animals and other living organisms, and easily causes soil and watererosion, and it is thus recommended that the reclamation tending method be used only in theintensively managed bamboo shoot oriented Moso stands on gentle slopes while the chaoppinghill tending method has relatively little impact on the under growth biomass comparing to thereclamation tending method and thus is recommended for the timber oriented Moso stands.4.Application of pesticides in the Moso stands has serious impact on the under growth within thefirst5years. But afterwards, the under growth in the Moso stands can restore to its originallevel of richness through natural succession. Hence, it is recommended that pesticides shouldbe used with caution and the interval should be long.5. Performance of the under growth is anindicator to assess the nutritional status of the Moso stands. The under growth can increase theorganic contents of the soil. When the under growth biomass reaches4tons per hectare, thesoil nutrients in the Moso stands will be improved and the site productivity be sustained.II. From the policy perspective:1. China has promalgated some laws and regulationsconcerning conservation of bamboo plant biodiversity. However, legal positioning of bambooand bamboo forests is not appropriate and there is neither special law or regulation that givesdue consideration to the special feature of bamboo. It is thus recommended that the competentState departments make timely revision and improvement on relavant laws and theirimplementing rules to properly position bamboo resources to safeguard applicability andseriousness of laws and regulations.2. Biodiversity protection is a social system engineeringand requires involvement of all walks of life. Therefore, the State and local governmentsshould develop practical and feasible strategic goals and implementation plans for biodiversityprotection, encourage information disclosure and secure talents, funds and preferential sectoralpolicies.3. Efforts should be made to promote multi-functionalities and classified managementof the Moso stand. Firstly, for the Moso stands for public benefits, regeneration cutting ofmatured bamboos should be allowed if it helps enhance the ecological functions and socialbenefits of the stands. Secondly, for the existing commercial Moso stands in provinces wherethere is still the annual quota of harvest, efforts should be made to improve mechanisms to allow forest owners to adjust volume of cut by themselves and record their harvest in the localforestry authority under the precondition that the overall cut is under control. At the same timewhen the major function of timber oriented bamboo stands is brought into play, concern shouldalso be given to other functions of these bamboo stands, encourage use of local bamboospecies and transformation of pure bamboo stands to multi species mixed stands to establishmosaic type of landscapes. Thirdly, efforts should be made, according to local conditions andneeds, to facilitate development of fast growing commercial bamboo stands, increase the unitvolume of production and market share of the commercial Moso bamboo stands, so that loss ofbiodiversity in small commercial bamboo stands provides opportunities for biodiversityprotection in a much larger area of Moso forests. Fourthly, in consideration of the fact that thecurrent rate of compensation for the ecological benefits of the bamboo forests for publicwelfare is not sufficient to encourage local agencies and farmers to abandon the practice ofintensive management of pur bamboo stands, the State and local authorities should strive toimprove the current policies to satisfy practical needs by gradually increasing the area and unitrate of compensation for the ecological benefits of bamboo forests, in order to encouragemanagers and farmers to manage bamboo forests in a sustainable manner. Fifthly, effortsshould be made to enhance the technical supporting system, improve coordination amongresearch organizations and their management agencies to avoid low level duplication ofresearch topics, promote research on techniques for bamboo biodiversity protection, anddevelop and revise in a timely manner technical standards and codes for bamboo biodiversityprotection. Sixthly, efforts should be made to enhance publicity and education about bamboobiodiversity protection:(1) enrich means of publicity and education on bamboo biodiversityprotection to enhance impact;(2) enlarge coverage of publicity and education on bamboobiodiversity protection to include not only the general public but also government agencies atall levels;(3) enhance training of personnel for publicity and education to raise theircompetence.更多还原