【作者】 任晓旭；

【导师】 王兵；

【作者基本信息】 中国林业科学研究院 ， 生态学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 生态系统作为生命支持系统，无时无刻不在为人类的生存和社会的发展提供着服务。随着经济和社会的发展，人们对生态环境的影响日益明显，对生态系统服务功能的研究也逐渐成为人们关注的热点问题。随着生态经济学、环境和自然资源经济学的发展，生态学家和经济学家在生态系统服务功能及其价值评估方面做了大量研究工作，但这些研究的对象多为森林、湿地等生态系统类型，而针对荒漠生态系统的服务功能研究相对较少。荒漠生态系统是干旱半干旱区域的主要生态系统类型，对荒漠生态系统服务功能的研究对区域经济和环境保护有着重要的意义。荒漠生态系统是陆地生态系统一个重要的子系统，也是最为脆弱的生态系统类型之一。植被类型是以超旱生半乔木、半灌木、小半灌木和灌木为主，由于荒漠的显著特点是植被十分稀疏，环境条件极为严酷，生产力低下，所以很少能引起研究人员的关注，使之对荒漠生态系统服务功能的研究相对较少，目前仍缺少针对荒漠生态系统的服务功能监测与评估的理论体系框架。对荒漠生态系统服务功能的监测和评估进行研究，有助于保护干旱半干旱地区的生态环境，为合理利用区域自然资源提供理论依据，对干旱半干旱区域生态、经济和社会的可持续发展有着重要的作用。我国于20世纪70年代逐步开展了对生态系统服务功能及其价值核算的研究工作，也取得了相应的研究成果，但还存在着一些问题，如对生态系统服务的分类还没有形成一个详细的标准体系，各研究者多从自己的理解出发造成了评估指标体系不统一；价值核算方法方面也存在着不同的现象，即便是同一项生态服务功能，也用了多种价值核算方法来进行计算；最终造成了价值核算的结果不具有可比性，因此很难在随后的研究应用中进行推广，发挥生态系统服务功能及其价值核算的最大效用。在涉及到对荒漠生态系统的该项研究数量上较少，相对其他生态系统类型还处于一个起步阶段，在这阶段我们应该从评估方法学理论进行入手，从评估指标体系和价值核算方法进行统一，这样有助于今后的荒漠生态系统服务功能及其价值核算研究工作的顺利进行。本文的主要研究内容和结论为包括：（1）本文从生态学、经济学等基本原理出发，结合现有的生态系统服务功能研究理论，构建了荒漠生态系统服务功能的监测和评估体系框架，将荒漠生态系统按照植被覆盖和环境因子条件划分为绿洲、戈壁和沙漠三种类型，针对每种类型的生态系统结构和特点，总结出与之相对应的生态系统服务功能类型，构建了包括固碳释氧、水文调节、防风固沙、保持土壤养分、生物多样性保护和生态旅游6项生态服务功能类型，12个具体监测和评估指标的体系框架。（2）通过参考现阶段对荒漠生态系统结构和过程的研究进展，针对建立的各项生态系统服务功能指标提出了相应的监测和评估方法。利用构建的荒漠生态系统服务功能评估指标体系，从物质量和价值量两个角度建立了相应的荒漠生态系统服务功能指标的计算公式，从而形成了一个完整的对荒漠生态系统服务功能监测和评估的方法理论体系，可为今后对荒漠生态系统服务功能进一步的评估及其价值核算工作提供了参考。（3）以额济纳旗荒漠生态系统为研究对象，利用本研究中构建的荒漠生态系统服务功能及其价值评估指标体系和方法，对额济纳旗荒漠生态系统服务功能的物质量和价值量进行了评估。物质量结果为：固碳释氧功能中，固碳量为392.67×10⁴t·a^-1，释氧量为10⁵7×10⁴t·a^-1；水文调节功能中，调节水量为8.83×10⁸m³；防风固沙功能中，固沙量为13.03×10⁸t·a^-1；保持土壤养分中，保持土壤有机质为117.35×10⁵t·a^-1，保持土壤N为3.91×10⁵t·a^-1，保持土壤P为6.52×10⁵t·a^-1，保持土壤K为273.83×10⁵t·a^-1。总价值量结果为4040.58×10⁸元·a^-1。其中，固碳释氧功能价值为143.06×10⁸元·a^-1，固碳价值量为37.3×10⁸元·a^-1，释氧价值量为10⁵.76×10⁸元·a^-1；水文调节功能价值量为72.41×10⁸元·a^-1，其中，调节水量价值为53.95×10⁸元·a^-1，净化水质价值量为18.46×10⁸元·a^-1；防风固沙价值为1955.92×10⁸元·a^-1；保持土壤养分价值量为581.51×10⁸元·a^-1，其中保持土壤有机质价值量为37.55×10⁸元·a^-1，保持土壤N价值量为7.13×10⁸元·a^-1，保持土壤P价值量为3.4×10⁸元·a^-1，保持土壤K价值量为533.43×10⁸元·a^-1；生物多样性保持功能价值量为1282.32×10⁸元·a^-1，额济纳胡杨林自然保护区旅游景点的生态旅游价值为5.36×10⁸元·a^-1。本文在系统分析了生态系统服务基础理论之上，结合荒漠生态系统结构和过程，提出了针对荒漠生态系统服务功能的指标体系，并对各项指标提出了相应的监测和评估方法。以额济纳旗荒漠生态系统为研究对象，进行了荒漠生态系统服务功能的评估验证，可为今后的荒漠生态系统服务功能研究提供借鉴和参考，为我国干旱半干旱区域的环境、经济、社会的可持续发展提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecosystem as supported system for life, services to human survival and socialdevelopment all the time. With the development of economic and social, the impact on theenvironment has become more and more obviously, and the study of ecosystem services hasbecome a focus problem. The ecologists and economists have done a lot of research work onecosystem services, based on the development of ecological economics, environmental andnatural resource economics. There are much more studies on forest and marsh ecosystems, butonly few on desert ecosystems. A desert ecosystem is a major ecosystem type of arid andsemi-arid area; the studies on desert ecosystem services have great significance to regionaleconomy and environmental protection.The desert ecosystem is an important subsystem of terrestrial ecosystems, and also one ofmost fragile ecosystems. The vegetations of desert ecosystems are most of superxerophytes,half-trees, half-shrubs, small half-shrubs and shrubs. As the desert ecosystem withthe characters of sparse vegetation, extremely harsh environment conditions, poor productivity,so few concerned by researchers. With few studies on the desert ecosystem service, speciallyabout the theoretical framework for the monitoring and assessment of desert ecosystem service.The monitoring and assessment of the desert ecosystem services can provide a theoretical basisfor the rational use of regional natural resources, and have a important role to the sustainabledevelopment of arid and semi-arid regions.Since1970s the research on ecosystem services and service evaluation have beengradually carry out in China with great progress, but there are still some probemes and issues,such as the classification of ecosystem services have not formed, due to the inconsistance ofcurrent classifications. The methods of evaluation have been used differently. Even the sameecosystem service can be evaluated by using different methods, lead to a the results cannot becompared in each other. It would not be able to apply in future research using the assessmentresult to play the maximum effectiveness of ecosystem services. The studies on the desert ecosystem services have not been developed abroad. With a stage of initial comparison withother types of ecosystems, we should work on the assessment methodology and theory first,that is, the evaluation index system and value accounting methods. The main content of thisdissertation includes:（1） The monitoring and assessment framework of desert ecosystem services have beenbuilt basic principle of ecology, economics and combined with the exiting ecosystem services.Firstly, The desert ecosystem has been classified three types, such as oasis, gobi and desert.The ecosystem services of each type of desert had been classified. The monitoring andevaluation index framework with12specific indexes, included carbon sequestration andoxygen release, hydrological regulation, sand fixation, soil nutrients conservation, biodiversityconservation and eco-tourism.（2）By reviewing the current researches of the desert ecosystem structures and processes,the methods of monitoring and assessment have been establishment of corresponding theecosystem services indexes. The assessment formulas of the desert ecosystem services indexeshave been built from two angles of the physical and value systems. A theoretical system ofdesert ecosystem services has been established, this can be referenced by the related research inthe future.（3）The desert ecosystem services of Ejina Banner have been studied with the desertecosystem services and its evaluation system constructed in this dissertation, and assessmentthe Ejina Banner desert ecosystem from physical and value aspects. The result of materialquality shows that the carbon sequestration is392.67×10⁴t a^-1and oxygen release is10⁵7×10⁴t·a^-1,regulation of water is8.83×10⁸m³,sand fixing is13.03×10⁸t·a^-1, conserve soil organicmatter is117.35×10⁵t·a^-1, conserve soil N is3.91×10⁵t·a^-1, conserve soil P is6.52×10⁵t·a^-1,conserve soil K is273.83×10⁵t·a^-1. The total value of ecosystem services is4040.58×10⁸Yuan·a^-1, including The value of carbon sequestration and oxygen release is143.06×10⁸Yuan·a^-1, the hydrological regulation value is72.41×10⁸Yuan·a^-1, the sand-fixingvalue is1955.92×10⁸Yuan·a^-1,the soil nutrients conservation value is581.51×10⁸Yuan·a^-1, the biodiversity conservation value is1282.32×10⁸Yuan·a^-1, the eco-tourism value is5.36×10⁸Yuan·a^-1.To sum up, the disseration emphsized the establishment of monitoring and assessmentindexes and formula system, based on the analysis of ecosystem service, and combining thestructures and processes of desert ecosystems. The desert ecosystem services of Ejina Bannerhad been assessed. This work could provide reference for the desert ecosystem servicesassessment research, and the theoretical basis for the sustainable society of arid and semi-aridregion in China.更多还原