汉藏语数量名结构语序研究

【作者】 黄平；

【导师】 戴庆厦；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文以汉藏语数量名结构为研究对象,运用类型学、比较语言学的研究方法主要分析了该结构的语序组合规则并兼及论述历时演变过程。全文共分六章。下面对各章的主要内容进行简要介绍。第一章序论。是全文的解题。说明文章的缘起和研究意义,包括理论意义和现实意义；对文章研究对象及研究范围进行界定；指出了本文研究中遇到的难点和创新点；并介绍本文采用的研究方法及语料来源。第二章研究综述。本章对前人所取得的汉藏语数量名结构相关研究成果进行梳理。汉藏语数量名结构的研究成果呈现不均衡性,其中汉语的研究成果较丰富、全面；非汉语的研究成果则相对较少,并且不够深入。目前,汉藏语数量名结构的研究不够深入,且缺乏系统性。本文系统、深入地描写和分析了汉藏语数量名结构的语序结合规则及演变过程,力图弥补上述的不足。第三章汉藏语数量名结构的语序类型。本章分五节,前四节分别对汉语、藏缅语族、壮侗语族和苗瑶语族语言的数量名结构的语序类型进行详细的共时描写,指明了各语族中数量名结构的优势语序类型及劣势语序类型。为了考察数量名结构中作为修饰成分的数量短语与形容词和指示词等名词性修饰成分之间在语序上的对应关系,本文将形容词与数量名结构的语序关系、指示词与数量名结构的语序关系、形指数量名结构的语序关系纳入研究范围。第五节讨论三个问题。一是分析了汉藏语数量名结构的语序共性。二是考察了汉藏语数量名结构的语序与其他类型学参项的关系。本节考察了57种汉藏语系语言,统计了动词与宾语的语序、指示词与名词的语序、形容词与名词的语序及领属定语与名词的语序等语序类型学参项。得出结论为汉藏语数量名结构中作修饰成分的数量短语与其他体词性修饰成分,如形容词、指示词以及名词的领属类定语均没有语序上的蕴含共性。三是利用可别度领前原则解释了藏缅语部分语言违反Greenberg共性二十的现象。第四章汉藏语数量名结构的生成机制及其演变。本章主要讨论两个问题。一是汉藏语数量名结构的语序类型与信息组织原则的关系。类型学理论认为核心居前或核心居后的信息组织原则与小句语序类型有对应关系,文章利用该原理对汉藏语数量名结构的三种优势语序类型“数+量+名”、“名+数+量”和“名+量+数”的生成机制进行解释,另分析其演变过程。二是语言影响与汉藏语数量名结构语序的关系。语言接触导致语言影响,语言影响能够导致语序借用或产生新语序。但语言影响只为新语序的产生提供外部条件,而生成新语序的决定因素是语言的内部机制。第五章类型学视野下的汉藏语数量名结构。本章讨论了汉藏语数量名结构中存在的几种具有类型学共性的特殊语言现象。一是省略。在特定语境中,数量名结构中的数词、量词和名词均能省略。其中,名词省略的情况更像是数量短语替代了整个数量名结构,因此,本文将名词的省略称为“缺省”。二是合音现象,分析了合音产生的客观条件,汉藏语数量名结构的合音类型、语音结合方式及合音词的特征。三是“一+量+名”结构,讨论了“一+量+名”结构的特殊性,包括语序、省略、“一”的可选性及成语化等。四是汉藏语数量名结构中的借词,主要分析了数量名结构中数词、量词和名词作为借词的特点,以及借词对数量名结构产生的影响。第六章结语。总结全文,强调本文提出的主要观点,包括量词是导致名词称量方式复杂化的动因；数量名结构的语序受多重机制制约；汉语数量名结构沿双轨演变和语言接触是促使数量名结构语序变化的动因之一。此外,还提出了有待今后深入研究的问题,如数量名结构的历时演变过程,“一+量+名”结构的特殊语序以及个体量词是不是量词语法化的终结式等问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Numerically Quantified Noun Phrase (NQNP) is a noun phrase constructed by noun, numeral and classifier. The word orders of NQNP are various in Sino-Tibetan languages. It gives a detailed description on word order of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages in this paper. It also studies the rules of combination and evolution of NQNP with the theory and methodology of typology and comparative linguistics. This paper consists of six chapters, the main contents of which are as follows:Chapter Ⅰ is an introduction, in which the origin and significance in theory and practice are explained, the object and area of the study are defined, the difficulty and innovations are pointed out, methods and sources of material within the study are also introduced.Chapter Ⅱ is the review on NQNP study. The existing research achievements on NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages are summarized. It shows the imbalance that the achievements on NQNP in Chinese are rich and comprehensive, while that of other languages in Sino-Tibentan languages are less in quantity and quality. In a word, the achievements on NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages are abundant and comprehensive, but further study need to be done deeply and systematically. This paper gives a detailed and systematical description on NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages and analyzes the rules of combination and evolutionary chain of NQNP, which makes up for the lack of the research.Chapter III is the Word order of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages. This chapter consists of five sections. The word orders of NQNP are described comprehensively and synchronically according to the subgroups of Sino-Tibetan Family, as Chinese, Tibeto-Burman, Zhuang-Dong, and Miao-Yao from section one to section four. The advantaged and disadvantaged word orders are also distinguished. In order to detect the agreement on word order between numeral phrases, adjective and demonstrative, which are modifiers in noun phrase, the orderly relation between adjective and NQNP, demonstrative and NQNP, adjective, demonstrative and NQNP are also studied in this paper.Three issues are discussed in section five, the first of which analyzes the orderly universals of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages. The second issue is about the relationship between NQNP and other parameters in word order. Fifty-seven languages in Sino-Tibetan are observed to count the relation of word order between verb and object, demonstrative and noun, adjective and noun, genitive and noun. The conclusion is numeral phrases which functioned as modifiers in NQNP have no implicational universal with other parameters functioned as modifiers of noun, such as adjective, demonstrative, and genitive. The third issue explains the phenomenon that some certain languages in Tibeto-Burman disobey the Universal20of Greenberg under the theory of identifiable elements initial.Chapter Ⅳ studies the motivation and evolution of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages, in which two issues are discussed. The first is the relationship between word order of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages and rules of organizing information. According to the theory of typology, it is considered that sentence word order is correlated with the rules of organizing information, head initial or head final. This theory is used to explain the motivation and evolution of the three dominant word orders of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages, which are Num+Cl+N, N+Num+Cl and N+Cl+Num.The second issue is about the relationship of language influence and word order of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages. Language contact produce language influences, and language influence lead to loan words and motivate the new word order. But language influence can only provide outer environment for the emergence of new word order, and the inner environment is the key point to determine the new word order.Chapter Ⅴ discusses some phenomenon of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages under the view of typology. The first is ellipsis. In certain context, any element of NQNP, like Num, Cl and Noun can be omitted. While the situation when noun is omitted seems to be a substitution, in which the numeral phrase substitutes the NQNP. Consequently, the situation when noun is omitted is called default in this paper. The second is called phonetic combination, in which three problems are discussed. They are the objective condition that can produce phonetic combination, the types of phonetic combination of NQNP in Sino-Tibetan languages, and the characteristics of the combined words.The third is One+Cl+Noun construction, which discusses the particularities including the word order, ellipsis, optional numeral and grammatical ization. The fourth is loan words, which mainly analyzes the characteristics of the loan words in NQNP, and the influence produced by the loan words.Chapter Ⅵ is conclusion. It is a summary to this paper, which emphasizes the main points including that Classifiers are one of the causes that make the word order of NQNP complex, the word orders of NQNP are restricted by multiple factors, NQNP of Chinese developed along two coexisting evolutionary chain, language contact is one of the factors that make the word order of NQNP change. Besides, some problems that needs to study further more are also raised, such as the progress that how NQNP developed, the particularity of word order in One+Cl+Noun, and whether individual classifiers are the final form of its grammaticalization.更多还原