农村面源污染的风险与秩序重建

【作者】 李霞；

【导师】 任国英；

【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 民族社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文从生活者的角度来考察环境问题,认为而源污染是社会转型中所发生的社会失序在环境问题上的投射。以风险社会的理论视角来看,而源污染是现代性的风险之一。尤其在农村地区,随着生活条件的改善和生产方式的转变,原有的乡村社会结构受到冲击,这种冲击不仅体现为村民生活方式的变化,而且体现为生活方式与生产方式变化所带来的环境负荷加大,其中尤为令人瞩目的是乡村垃圾的日益增长与垃圾处理无序力方面的矛盾。本文分为七章。第一章为导论,对而源污染的相关研究进行了回顾与总结,认为而源污染研究是环境社会学领域的一个较新的课题,之前的研究多集中于自然科学领域,强调以技术手段来调控而源污染。如果运用社会学理论,通过个案研究方法从社会学的视角来理解而源污染问题,能够在一定程度上深化该研究。第二章为田野点介绍,按照从县到乡再到村的顺序介绍了本文实地调查研究地点的相关情况。第三章为物质篇,主要叙述了本文所选择的田野点所在区域的环境本底特征,并从当地农民的生产与生活两个方面阐述了当地生产与生活方面的特点与变化,以及这些特点与变化与农村面源污染之间的关系。第四章为风险篇,主要探讨了跨区域存在的面源污染问题,分为县域面源污染、村域垃圾问题以及污染源扩散三大方面。县域面源污染的风险在于土壤退化、水土流失、水土污染与自然灾害频发,村域垃圾问题在于垃圾的排放与处理无序化,面源污染源在农村的扩散是风险加剧的一种表现。第五章为探因篇,首先讨论了农民是否具有环境保护的意识,认为农民将环境视为生活的背景,在强大的生存逻辑下对风险感知较弱。本章进一步探讨了面源污染的路径依赖问题,并且认为面源污染治理方面的制度空缺使面源污染这一问题没能得到较好的控制与解决。第六章为实践篇,本章介绍了田野所在地环境保护的实践行为,认为实践虽然与观念之问存在分裂,但两者可以得到调和。而源污染是现代社会秩序失序的一种表现,而源污染的治理是一种秩序重建的努力。秩序重建有赖于公众风险感知能力的加强以形成社会共识,其中社会教育是调和实践与观念的一种行之有效的途径,有助于加强环境保护的公众意识。第七章为总结与讨论,本部分是对全文的总结与回顾,进一步讨论了如何从风险与秩序来探讨面源污染问题,并试图提出有关面源污染应对的多元思路。本文的主要创新点在于：一是所研究的问题较新,二是观察视角较新,三是在分析中注重主位观点。面源污染自20世纪90年代在国内才逐渐成为一个关注较多的问题,社会科学方而的有关研究起步更晚,本文选择这一较新的问题作为社会问题之一种进行探讨,有一定的新意。有关面源污染的考察多注重从外部进行归因,较少考虑生活于农村的生活者对于环境所持的态度,本文从生活者的视角透视面源污染问题,运用了人类学中的主位与客位的方法论,具备一定的创新性。本文认为农村面源污染的产生和扩散与农村社会转型息息相关,将农村而源污染问题视为农村社会秩序调整的一个方面,强调从社会秩序重建的角度来治理而源污染,通过社会教育转变观念,从实践上实现而源污染的治理,讨论问题的角度具备一定的新意。本文的不足在于全文的理论深度还不够,虽然涉及面源污染的表现及原因分析,探讨了在面源污染这一风险下,个体风险感知能力、有限的而源污染应对手段以及面源污染应对中制度空缺这儿个相关原因使面源污染的风险有加剧的可能,但全文未能更好地利用国家—市场—社会这一视角更深入地探讨面源污染的体制动因,理论分析尚有不足之处。更多还原

【Abstract】 The author thinks that the non-point source pollution is a projection from social disorder to environmental problems among the social transformation. With the perspective of risk society theory, non-point source pollution is a risk of modernity. Especially in rural areas, with the improvement of living conditions and the change of production, the original rural social structure is impacted.This impact is not only acted as the change of villager’s life, but also as the increasing environment load brought by the change, which is especially remarkable is the conflict between the growing trash in country and the disorde of garbage disposal.This paper is divided into seven chapters. The author summaries and reviews the research of non-point source pollution in first chapter, thinkes non-point source pollution research in the field of environmental sociology is a relatively new subject, the previous research more focuses on natural scientific fields which emphasis on using technology way to control non-point pollution. The author thikes if we employ the case study method and understand the non-point source pollution problem from the viewpoint of sociology, we can study the research in a deeplier way.In the second chapter, the author introducts the relevant situation of the investigation site with the order from the county to township to village. In the third chapter, the author mainly describes the bottom environment characteristics of the investigation site, states the characteristics and the change in local production and life from two aspects, and further expounds the relationship between the rural non-point source pollution and the characteristics and the change. In the fourth chapter, the author mainly discusses existing non-point source pollution problems in the cross area which can be divided into three major aspects: county non-point source pollution, village garbage problem and the pollution diffusion. County non-point source pollution risk lies in soil degradation, the loss of soil and water, soil and water pollution and natural disasters. The village garbage problem is the discharge and disorder of waste garbage. The spread of non-point source pollution sources in the countryside is a performance of increasing risk. In the fifth chapter, the author discussed whether the farmers have environmental protection consciousness at first. the author assumes that the farmers view environment as the background of life, and they have weakly risk perception under the powerful survival logic. The author further explores the path dependence of non-point source pollution problem, and indicates that the non-point pollution problem can’t get better control and solve because of the vacancy of the non-point source pollution control system.The author presents the local environmental protection practice in the sixth chapter. The author thinkes although there is a split between practice and concept, but this can get accommodation. Non-point source pollution is a kind of expression modern social disorder, non-point source pollution management is a kind of effort to reconstruct the order.The reconstruction of order depends on the strengthening of public risk perception and forming social consensus. Social education is an effective way to accommodate the concept and practice. Social education contributes to strengthen the public environmental protection consciousness.The author summarize and discuss the full text in the seventh chapter. In this part, the author further discusses how to research the non-point pollution based on the theory of risk and order, and tries to put forward some ideas about how to deal with non-point pollution.The main innovation point of this paper is:at first the object of study is fairly new,the second the author view the problem in a new angle,next the author pays attention to emic understanding in the analysis. Non-point source pollution has become a reserch object in China since the1990s, the research about it in social science field started even later.The author is innovative to choose a relatively new problems as a social problem to discuss.Most relevant observers put particular emphasis on external attribution and less consider the attitudes how the settler treat their own environment. The author avoid those shortage by using the emic and etic approaches methodology of anthropology to perspect the non-point source pollution problems from the settler’s position.The author argues that the formation and diffusion of rural non-point source pollution is closely related to the rural social transformation, viewes the rural non-point source pollution problems as a aspect of the adjustment of rural social orde, emphasizes to control he rural non-point source pollution through the reconstruction of rural social order. The author insistes that people can change ideas and practis to achieve the non-point source pollution management by the social education.The author’s point of view is a certain new idea.This paper’s shortcoming lies in the discussion about theory is not deep enough.Though the author involves the performance and reason of rural non-point pollution, discusses that under the risk of non-point pollution, several related reasons such as individual risk perception, limited means and the system vacancy to deal with non-point pollution would aggravate the risk of non-point source pollution, but the author failed to use the perspective of country-market-society to deepen the system agent of non-point source pollution in the full text.After all, there are disadvantages of theoretical analysis in this thesis.更多还原