节点文献
水密隔舱海船文化遗产研究
【作者】 贺琛；
【导师】 祁庆富；
【作者基本信息】 中央民族大学 ， 文化遗产， 2012， 博士
【摘要】 水密隔舱(Water-tight Compartments)是现代大型船舶船体结构的主体部分,采取水密性是保障航行安全性的重要措施。举世公认,这一技术的发明来自古老的中国。历史文献中记载的水密隔舱源远流长,考古发掘中水密隔舱海船遗物不断发现。2008年,活态传承的水密隔舱福船制造技艺被列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录,2010年,该项遗产列入联合国教科文组织评定的“急需保护的非物质文化遗产名录”。本文依据历史文献和田野调查,利用大量翔实可信的资料,全面系统地研究水密隔舱海船文化遗产,探讨水密隔舱技艺的起源、发展及该项技艺存续的文化空间。为了理解水密隔舱制造技艺的内涵及传承,作者在水密隔舱福船制造技艺的传承地——福建晋江和宁德进行长时间的实地调查。在深入研究中作者发现了“隔舱”在中式造船中的文化价值,从设计看,中式船型是以隔舱板为核心的,也就是“四母营”,即以四个主要的隔舱板决定整个船体结构,这种设计方法仍被福建船师采用。从建造过程说,中式船是在龙骨上将隔舱板和外板逐层向上装配,而不象西式造船从肋骨内外装配。从海权争夺来看,有隔舱板的船成为海上力量发展的障碍。而且,隔舱板造船法省钱省工,巧妙而科学,是与中国文化一脉相承的,也是中西文化的差异所在。这样,水密隔舱的意义远比当初所宣称的抗沉、分隔货区之用途要高,它是中国文化在造船技术上的典型代表。从技术中参透文化,这是技术类非遗保护的必要方法。在对历史资料的研读中,作者认为水密隔舱技术与中国社会经济关系密切,中国式小本商业联合经营模式的迅速发展对水密隔舱技术起到促进和巩固的作用,远洋航海和船检制度对造船技术起到改进和完善的作用,中国古代船型也随着商业和船检税收制度的丈量方法而逐渐改变。虽然水密隔舱的优点早已被西方发现,但在历史关键时期中国实行的海禁政策,使中式大船销声匿迹,随之建造大船的技术也无法发展,因此中国造船技术被西方轻视,而隐藏于其中的水密隔舱自然也未引起重视,其科学价值迟至18世纪才被西方人所认识。作者还发现,传统造船中没有成文的评判标准,但人心是一杆秤,船主衡量船师的标准和船师自己内心的标准是闽南造船业的蓬勃发展的诚信基础,同时,官方制定的一些标准对造船技术也起到推动或阻碍的作用。在民间信仰发达的闽南地区,海船信仰为其提供了精神支持,具有混合型的特点,其种类丰富、传播广泛,并且随着时代的发展而创新。水密隔舱福船文化遗产申报地为晋江和宁德,分别代表了两种历史和现状。这两个地区联合申报该项遗产获得成功,并展开不同方式进行保护和传承。现在的传承方式主要是制作船模,在政府的支持下,老艺人依照古籍研究并复原古代战船,而另一些船师则是自觉的制作过去常见的渔船船模,给子孙后代留下传统生活的形象资料。沉船探险、考古发现、遗产保护的需求和古船研究的充分,使人们开始热衷于古船复原。本世纪初,“绿眉毛”,“太平公主”号、“台湾船”等帆船,是利用水密隔舱制造技艺复原的实例。2010年海上丝绸之路博物馆计划复制“南海一号”仿古宋船,并选定陈芳财设计,笔者也参与到此项工作中。在体验观察中发现,文化遗产语境中的水密隔舱在民间的评价不一,但不可否认的是,该遗产之所以濒危主要是传统工艺与现代标准的冲突,船师难以面对新工艺新标准的考验,现代标准的不适用成为复原古船的障碍。因此,急需为木帆船建造重设标准,才能摆脱现代标准对传统技艺的蚕食和伤害。在保护传承中,加强传承入、政府、专家的合作,制定规划,开展实验,为这项技术性很强的弱势行业提供新的市场,是水密隔舱造船技艺复兴的一条值得探寻的出路。
【Abstract】 Watertight compartments are the main part of the modern large-scale ship hull structure to take the water tightness is an important measure to protect the security of navigation. Universally acknowledged, this invention comes from ancient China. In historical documents, watertight compartment has a long history, watertight compartments ship relics also continually found in archaeological excavations. In2008. the manufacturing techniques of the living heritage of the watertight compartments Fu ship has been included in the second batch of national intangible cultural heritage,2010, it be passed in the UNESCO assessment of the Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. According to historical documents and field research, the author use of a large number of informative and credible information, a comprehensive and systematic study of the watertight compartments ship cultural heritage, to explore its origin, development and the skills of the watertight compartments skills subsisting cultural space.In order to understand the connotation and Inheritance of manufacturing techniques of watertight compartments, the author conducted a long field survey in Jinjiang City and Ningde area in Fujian province, where be the declaration regions of watertight compartments shipbuilding techniques.In-depth study of the "compartment" in the Chinese shipbuilding, the authors found its cultural values. From design, the core of the Chinese ship is "four main compartment plates ", four main compartment plates decided the entire hull structure, this design method is still using by Fujian ship craftsmen. From the construction process, the Chinese ship compartment plates and outer plate be assembled on the keel layer by layer, rather Western shipbuilding assembled from inside and outside the ribs. Form sea power competition, the ship watertight compartment plates become an obstacle to the development of sea power. Furthermore, the shipwrights by the compartment plate shipbuilding method save money save labor, ingenious and scientific, the same strain with the Chinese culture, but also Chinese and Western cultures where the differences. In this way, the watertight compartments significance is higher than originally claimed that resistance to sinking and the separating the cargo area, it is a typical representative of Chinese culture in shipbuilding technology. Understands the culture through the technique details, is an effective method for non-technical class heritage protection. Through the study of historical material, the authors believe that the watertight compartments technology and socio-economic closely related. The rapid development of Chinese small business joint business model has played a key role in promoting and consolidating watertight compartments technology. Ocean sailing and ship inspection system have improved and perfected the shipbuilding technology. Ancient Chinese ship type also gradually changed in the role of measuring method in the ship inspection tax system. Although the advantages of the watertight compartments has been found by the Westerners, but Boycott policy implemented in the critical historical period cf China resulted in the Chinese big ships disappeared and the construction of the big ship’s technology can’t develop, so Westerners contempt the Chinese shipbuilding technology while hidden watertight compartments naturally did not pay attention. Its scientific value as late as the18th century was recognized by westerners.The authors also found that there are no written criteria in evaluating traditional shipbuilding, but People are fair. How the ship owners measure the skill of the shipbuilding craftsman, and how the craftsman evaluate himself, are basis for shipbuilding booming. While, official standards for the shipbuilding technology play a rcle of promoting or hinder. Folk beliefs are very popular in South Fuji an, so the ship beliefs provided People moral support. They have the hybrid characteristics, the species is abundant, widespread, and with the time development are innovative.Watertight compartments Fu ship cultural heritage declare regions are Jinjiang and Ningde, which on behalf of two of history and current situation. These two regions jointed to declare the heritage to be successful, and they conduct in different ways to protect and pass on. One kind of protect way is to produce ship model in support of the Government, the old craftsman, according to the ancient study and recovery of ancient warships, while others ship craftsman is the Consciously produce the past fishing ships model, left future generations of the traditional image data.Shipwreck explorer, archaeological heritage protection needs and the full research to the Old Boat, so that people are keen to recover in Old Boat. The beginning of this century, the’green eyebrows", the "Pacific Princess" and the "Taiwan ship" are instances of recovery by the manufacturing techniques of the watertight compartments. In2010, the project of Copy the "South Sea No.1" Antique Song ship was launched by the Maritime Silk Road Museum, and they selected Chen FangCai responsible for the design, I had the honor to participate in this work. I found in the observation, the watertight bulkhead in the cultural heritage has been in the context of different private evaluation. But it is undeniable that dangerous of this heritage mainly lies in the conflicts between traditional craft with modern standards. The shipbuilding craftsmen are difficult to face the new technology and new standard test, and inappropriate modern standards become obstacles to recovery Old Boat. Therefore, to reset wooden sailship construction standards become an urgent need, in order to get rid of the modern standards erode and damage to traditional skills.In heritage protection, heritage, government, and experts to strengthen cooperation, make plans, carry out experiments and provide a new market for the highly technical vulnerable industry, to explore a way for the watertight compartments shipbuilding skills revival.