【作者】 王欣；

【导师】 梅旭荣； 郝卫平；

【作者基本信息】 中国农业科学院 ， 农业水资源利用， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本研究针对设施蔬菜栽培中肥水资源浪费、污染环境、蔬菜品质下降等问题，以温室番茄为研究对象，采用田间小区试验与室内分析实验研究相结合的方法，研究不同灌溉施肥方式对番茄产量与水肥利用效率的影响及机理，以期为灌溉施肥一体化技术的应用提供一定的理论依据，为设施蔬菜优质高效生产的水肥综合管理提供可借鉴的技术与方法。试验在北京市昌平区金六环农业科技园的日光温室中进行，2010年8月-2011年1月进行的秋冬茬试验设计了滴灌和沟灌2种灌溉施肥方式和2个不同灌溉控制下限指标共4个处理，分别为D80%：灌溉下限为80%田间持水量的滴灌灌溉施肥处理；D60%：灌溉下限为60%田间持水量的滴灌灌溉施肥处理；G80%：灌溉下限为80%田间持水量的沟灌灌溉施肥处理；G60%：灌溉下限为60%田间持水量的沟灌灌溉施肥处理。2011年2-7月的冬春茬试验设计了滴灌和沟灌2种灌溉施肥方式以及7d和14d2个灌溉施肥频率，共4个处理，D7：7d滴灌施肥一次；D14：14d滴灌施肥一次；G7：7d沟灌施肥一次和G14：14d沟灌施肥一次。试验比较分析了滴灌和沟灌两种灌溉施肥方式对温室番茄产量、品质、水分和氮肥利用效率的影响，并研究了番茄干物质累积、光合特性等生理过程对不同灌溉施肥处理的响应机制。主要研究结果如下：。1.与沟灌施肥一体化相比，滴灌施肥一体化处理显著提高了温室番茄的产量。灌溉控制下限指标为60%FC和80%FC的滴灌施肥一体化处理的番茄产量比相对应的沟灌处理提高了26.3%和31.2%，灌水频率7d和14d的滴灌施肥一体化处理的番茄产量分别比相对应的沟灌处理产量提高了15%和23.1%。采用相同的灌溉施肥方式下，灌溉控制下限指标为80%FC的滴灌施肥一体化处理的产量高于60%FC滴灌施肥处理，灌水频率7d滴灌施肥一体化处理的产量同样高于14d滴灌施肥处理，但差异不显著。这些结果表明不同灌溉施肥方式间的增产效果差异明显，滴灌施肥一体化技术具有显著的增产优势，适宜的灌溉控制指标和灌溉频率可以保障其增产优势的充分发挥。2.两茬试验的水分利用效率结果为：滴灌施肥处理D80%、D60%、D7、D14的水分利用效率分别为44kg/m3、40.5kg/m3、55.1kg/m3、48.8kg/m3，相对应的沟灌施肥处理G80%、G60%、G7、G14的水分利用效率分别为21.2kg/m3、21.4kg/m3、24.5kg/m3、26.8kg/m3，可以看出滴灌施肥一体化处理的水分利用效率显著高于沟灌施肥处理，这是滴灌节水效应和增产效应叠加的结果。滴灌施肥处理的不仅耗水量小于沟灌处理，而且由于滴灌施肥一体化处理可以准确控制肥水供给，充分满足作物的水肥需求，促进了作物产量的提高，综合作用结果使水分利用效率显著提高。相同的灌溉施肥方式下，灌溉频率高的滴灌处理的由于水肥供应状况优于灌溉频率低的滴灌处理，使作物产量得到提高，因此在耗水量相差不大的情况下提高了番茄的水分利用效率；而沟灌由于灌溉水量大，不同灌水频率处理间的产量和耗水量差异均不显著，水分利用效率差异也不明显。3.滴灌施肥一体化处理的N素利用率显著高于沟灌施肥处理，滴灌施肥一体化处理D80%、D60%、D7、D14的N素利用率分别为20.4%、16.5%、22.3%、21.1%，相对应的沟灌施肥处理G80%、G60%、G7、G14的N素利用率分别为6.5%、6.0%、7.7%、8.4%。试验分析了不同处理的番茄地上部各器官中全N含量，结果显示所有处理的番茄不同器官吸收N素的大小顺序均为果实>叶片>茎秆，且果实中N含量显著高于其他器官，滴灌施肥一体化处理的果实N素吸收量均高于沟灌处理，表明滴灌处理提高了植株的N吸收量和N素营养转化为经济产量的能力。同时在本试验砂性土壤条件下沟灌施肥一体化处理的N素利用率明显降低，表明沟灌不宜用于砂质土壤的全生育期的灌溉施肥一体化，因为沟灌灌水强度大、易产生深层渗漏的缺点，在肥水一体化条件下反而加剧了N素的损失，造成利用率降低。4.动态监测了不同处理的土壤水分和硝态氮的分布状况，结果显示：不同灌溉方式条件下土壤水分和硝态氮分布具有明显的不同，滴灌处理土壤根系层土壤含水率高于沟灌处理，而沟灌处理的深层土壤含水率较高，滴灌处理的土壤水分变动层主要60cm以上，且以20cm表层和40cm土层为水分活跃层；沟灌处理的土壤水分变动层已经达到80cm，20cm表层、40cm层和60cm层的土壤含水率均表现出明显的周期性变化，其中40cm层的变化幅度大于20cm层。这种土壤水分布的差异主要是不同灌溉方法的技术特征决定的，滴灌处理方式灌水量和灌溉强度较小，灌溉水通过毛细管作用和重力慢慢从土壤表层逐渐湿润根区土壤，所以水分主要分布在土壤剖面上层；而沟灌是在灌水沟内通过重力和土壤毛细管作用从沟底和沟壁向周围渗透而湿润土壤，在砂壤土条件下沟灌垂直入渗速率大于侧渗速率，所以沟灌处理的表层20cm含水率明显低于滴灌处理，沟灌表层含水率达到与滴灌处理的含水率水平时，其深层的土壤含水率明显高于滴灌处理。在灌溉施肥一体化条件下，肥料溶解于灌溉水中随水一起进入土壤，所以N素在土壤中的分布和运移主要受灌溉影响，本研究结果表明，滴灌施肥一体化处理的0-60cm土层的硝态氮含量均高于沟灌处理，而60-90cm土层的硝态氮含量明显低于沟灌处理，主要是由于滴灌处理的水分变化主要集中在土壤剖面上层0-60cm内，而沟灌处理的水分变化集中在土壤剖面40-80cm内，灌溉施肥一体化的“肥随水来，肥随水去”效应使得硝态氮在沟灌条件下随水一起向向土壤深层运移。5.通过研究分析灌溉施肥一体化条件下温室番茄的生长发育指标、根系活力与光合作用等生理响应机制，初步揭示了滴灌施肥一体化的增产机理。试验结果显示滴灌施肥处理的番茄植株的株高、茎粗、叶面积指数、果径和地上部干物质量等指标均显著高于沟灌处理；滴灌施肥处理的根长和根干物质量虽然较沟灌处理低，但根系活力显著高于沟灌处理；滴灌施肥处理的日最高Pn和Tr值均比沟灌处理高，整个生育期滴灌处理的平均光合速率和蒸腾速率均显著高于沟灌处理，产量构成因素表现为单株果实数差异不显著，但滴灌水肥处理的单个果实重量显著高于沟灌处理。综合分析以上结果可以推断出，滴灌施肥一体化处理可以精确控制水肥的供给，与沟灌相比，滴灌施肥一体化处理的水肥供给状况与需求符合程度高，根系主要集中在表层，且根系活力高，促进水和N素营养的吸收，从而促进了植株地上部分的生长，地上生物量增加，同时良好的水肥条件使滴灌施肥一体化处理的净光合速率和蒸腾速率维持在较高的水平，促进了营养元素的转化和干物质积累，果实质量增加，最终导致产量提高。6.灌溉施肥方式对温室温度的影响差别不大，而灌溉施肥方式对温室的平均空气相对湿度影响显著，不论秋冬茬还是冬春茬，滴灌较沟灌可以降低温室相对湿度9.1%-10.2%。更多还原

【Abstract】 In China, it became more seriously in water resource waste, environment pollution and the declineof the quality of vegetables. By using block experiment and indoor analysis, the experiment was to studythe tomato yield, quality and water-fertilizer use efficiency among the different fertigation methods. Thepurpose was to provide certain theoretical basis for high quality vegetable and the integratedmanagement of water﹠nitrogen.The study was conducted in the greenhouses at ‘Jinliuhuan’ agricultural garden, Changping district,Beijing. During the autumn-winter season (2010.8-2011.1), the study conducted four treatments(included two fertigation methods and two lower irrigation limits) which were D80%, D60%, G80%, andG60%. During the winter-spring season(2011.2-7), we conducted the two different frequencies using dripand furrow irrigation methods, which included drip irrigation weekly treatment (D7), drip irrigationbiweekly treatment (D14), conventional furrow irrigation weekly treatment (G7) and conventional furrowirrigation biweekly treatment (G14).The two season experiments were to compare the drip irrigation andfurrow irrigation from aspects of the tomato yield, quality, water﹠nitrogen use efficiency, and to studythe response mechanism of dry matter accumulation of tomato, photosynthetic characteristics ofphysiological characteristics. The main conclusions are as follows:1. Compared with furrow fertigation technology, the drip fertigation treatments could significantlyimprove the tomato yield. The tomato yields of drip fertigation methods with lower irrigation limits of60%FC and80%FC could increase26.3%and31.2%compared with the same lower irrigation limit.And the drip fertigation frequency of7d and14d could increase yield15%and23.1%compared with thesame frequency furrow method. Using the same irrigation method, the tomato yield of drip fertigationmethod with lower irrigation limit of80%FC was higher than60%FC treatment, and the drip fertigationwith irrigation frequency of7d had also higher tomato yield than14d fertigation treatment, but the yieldswere no significant difference. The results showed that different fertigation methods had significantdifference on tomato yield, the drip fertigation technology had significant advantages in yield and theoptimal irrigation parameters could give full play to improve yield.2. The results of water use efficiency among the two experiments showed that the drip fertigationwere significantly higher than the furrow fertigation, which were the results of superposition of dripirrigation water use efficiency and yield. The drip fertigation treatments could not only reduce thetomato water consumption, but also improve the tomato yield because of the accurately supply to meetthe water-fertilizer needs of crops, which caused high water use efficiency. The high frequency dripfertigation treatment reduced tomato water consumption, improved water use efficiency and tomato yieldcompared to the low frequency drip fertigation treatment. And the furrow fertigation treatments had nosignificant difference in yield, water consumption and water use efficiency.3. The results of nitrogen use efficiency with drip fertigation were significantly higher than thefurrow fertigation. And the results in crop uptake of nitrogen among the different organs were fruits>leaf>stem and the content of nitrogen in fruits were significant higher than other organs. Thecontents of N uptake in fruits among the drip fertigation treatments were higher than the furrowtreatments, which showed that the drip fertigation could improve the ability of N uptake and nutrientsresulting in economic yield. While the nitrogen utility efficiency in furrow fertigation under the sandyland was obviously reduced. The results showed that the furrow fertigation should not be used for thesandy soil because of the furrow fertigation intensity and easy to produce deep infiltration resulting inthe lower utilization of N.4. The distributions of soil volumetric water and NO3ˉamong the different irrigation methods wereobvious difference. At the root zone, the soil water content of drip irrigation was higher than the furrowirrigation treatment and the result of furrow irrigation was higher than drip irrigation at the deeper soillayer. The differences in soil water distribution were mainly determined by the technical characteristics.The results showed that the content of0-60cm NO3ˉin the drip treatments was higher than the furrowtreatments and the content of60-90cm NO3ˉin the drip treatments was significantly lower than thefurrow irrigation.5. Compared with the furrow treatments, the drip irrigation treatment could significantly improvethe tomato plant height, stem diameter, leaf area index, fruit diameter and above-ground dry matter. Theroot length and root dry biomass in the drip fertigation treatments were lower than in the furrowtreatments, but the root activity was significantly higher than the furrow irrigation treatments. The driptreatments had the high daily maximum Pn and Tr values than the furrow irrigation. During the wholegrowth period, the average rate of photosynthesis and transpiration rate of drip irrigation treatment werehigher than that of furrow irrigation treatment. The yield component showed that the number of fruits perplant had no difference among the treatments, but the fruit weight of drip irrigation treatments wassignificant higher than furrow treatments. The comprehensive analysis of these results could be inferredthat compared with the furrow treatments, the drip fertigation treatments could accurately apply thewater and fertilizer and meet the needs. The roots were mainly in the surface and the root activity topromote nutrition absorption of water and N resulting in increasing the aboveground biomass.Meanwhile, the excellent water and fertilizer supplied conditions made the net photosynthetic rate andtranspiration rate high level and promoted the conversion of nutrient,dry matter accumulation, fruitquality and ultimately lead to increase the yield.6. There was no significance difference of greenhouse temperature in different irrigation andfertilization treatments, while existed remarkable difference (9.1%-10.2%) of the greenhouse air relativehumidity between autumn-winter and winter-spring experiments.更多还原