【作者】 宋铁毅；

【导师】 李楠明；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 南斯拉夫实践派的理论在我国学界尚未引起应有的重视。马尔科维奇系南斯拉夫实践派的重要代表人物之一，其坚持对于马克思的理论进行实践人道主义的阐释，并以人道主义辩证法著称于世，在当时的南斯拉夫以及世界哲学界都享有一定的盛誉。人道主义概念虽然出现于近代，但是其精神内涵却可以追逐到古希腊时期。然而，笛卡儿所奠定的形而上学方法论却导致了近代人道主义的自反。自然科学方法建构起抽象人性，使近代人道主义陷入了难以自拔的二元论立场，丧失了人的自我确证维度，使人道主义局限在了理论层面，最终导致了人类历史的不可理解。无论宣称历史遵循着必然的规律，还是认为历史是一种偶然性的集合，理论人道主义者们都无法理解真正历史一元论的立场。人类历史的普遍性是不能够通过抽象的方法来预先给定的，理论人道主义所抽象出的“人性”不过是上帝的替代品，在这里，现实的人被强制性地嵌入“宏大叙事”中，毫无自由可言。康德所开创的哲学传统开始了对于古典哲学的复归，黑格尔创立了一元论的历史辩证法，并使马克思在此基础上，明确区分了理论人道主义与实践人道主义。理论人道主义只不过用“人性”代替了上帝，而实践人道主义则是对于私有制的积极扬弃。只有打破以占有为目的的存在方式，打破人类对于他物的确证，才能够成为彻底的人道主义，这种人道主义的核心在于人的自我确证。人之自我确证的过程展现为人类的现实历史，在现实中体现为“实践”活动，而在理论上则体现为辩证法。然而从恩格斯的《自然辩证法》开始，马克思的辩证法思想在其继承者那里，呈现出客体化以及规律化的倾向，人类的实践被作为认识论的中间环节，被彻底从辩证法的核心范畴之内排除出去。一旦“实践”走向了式微，那么辩证法就重新回到了对于他物的确证层面，也就无法真正理解马克思哲学的革命性。本文以马尔科维奇的人道主义辩证法为主线，根据其对于人道主义辩证法核心范畴的界定，试图对人道主义辩证法的合法性进行论证，并力求厘清人道主义概念内涵。近代的理论人道主义因其理论的失误，使自身走向了困境。本文认为，理论人道主义主要呈现出三种悖论，即方法悖论、历史悖论以及自由悖论。而我国学界在长期以来，一直在理论人道主义的意义上理解人道主义，从而使马克思的理论成为了历史观中的“非人道主义”。进而，本文从辩证法与人的生存矛盾、辩证法与人类历史以及辩证法与实践三重角度入手，试图在马尔科维奇理论思想的基础上，恢复马克思理论的实践人道主义意蕴，阐明辩证法的实践以及人道主义特质。并且，本文也试图通过对于马尔科维奇思想的阐释，力求彰显南斯拉夫实践派思想的当代意义，以期为我国学界对于这一理论流派进行深入研究的后续工作提供一些粗浅的见解。更多还原

【Abstract】 The theory of Yugoslavia practice to send in China’s academia has not yetattracted the attention it deserves.Malkovich who is one of the importantrepresentatives sent by the Yugoslav practice,adhere to the interpretation of Marx’stheory by the way of practical humanitarian,and because of Humanitarian dialecticsknown to the world,and Enjoy a certain reputation in Yugoslavia, and the philosophy.Although the Humanitarian concepts is seen in the modern humanitarian，But itsspiritual connotation can chase to ancient Greece.However，Modern philosophy,especially the Cartesian laid the metaphysical methodology has led to the modernhumanitarian reflexive.Methodology of natural sciences has been building up abstracthuman nature，which make the Modern humanism in the modern humanism which is ina very difficult position of dualism.Modern epistemology has turned to lose one’shuman self confirmation dimension,which make the humanitarian confined to thetheoretical level,eventually led to the human history can not be understand.Both claimthat history follows the rule, or think that history is a haphazard collection,theory ofhumanists were unable to understand the real history monism position.The history ofhuman universality is not through abstract approach to understanding,theory ofhumanitarian abstract "human nature" is nothing but God’s substitute,here,realisticperson is mandatory to embed" macro narration",there is no freedom at all.Marx on the German classical philosophy, especially Hagel really monism historydialectic basis of distinguishing theory and practice of humanitarianhumanitarian.Theory of humanitarian only with" human nature" in place of God,whilethe practical humanitarianism is the active sublation to private ownership.Only tobreak the possession for the purpose of existence,to break the human for hismaterial,only then can become the thorough humanitarianism,which core lies in thehuman self confirmation.Human self confirmation process is shown for the reality ofhuman history,in reality it is the embodiment of" practice",In theory, is the embodimentof Dialectics.However, from the beginning of Engels’s" Dialectics of nature",the dialectical thought of Marx is in its successor,has shown the tendency of object andrule.The practice of human being as the intermediate link of Epistemology has beutterly from the core category of dialectics exclude.Once the" practice" to decline,thedialectics is back for his confirmation level,it cannot really understand Marx ’srevolutionary philosophy.In this paper, the Markovic humanitarian dialectics is the main line,according tothe definition of its core areas of humanitarian dialectics,I am trying to demonstrate thelegitimacy of humanitarian dialectics,and trying to clarify the humanitarianconnotation.The modern theory of humanitarian because the theory of errors,makeitself toward the predicament.In this paper I think that the theory humanitarianshowing the three kinds of paradox,that is, the method of paradox, historical paradoxand freedom paradox.For a long time,China’s academic has been understanding thehumanitarian on the significance of the theory humanitarian,so Marx’s theory hasbecome a historical view of the "non-humanitarian.And then,in this paper,I will startwith three point of view to study,they are dialectics and the survival of contradictionsof mankind、 dialectics and the history of mankind and dialectics and thepractice,attempt on the basis of Markovic theoretical ideas, Recovery the connotationof practice of humanitarian in Marxist theory. Clarify the dialectic practice andhumanitarian character of humanitarian qualities.And,this article also attempts to explain for Markovic theory thought,in order toprovide some superficial insights for our scholars in-depth study of this theoreticalschools.更多还原