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鸡冠花子和扯根菜的化学成分及生物活性研究

Chemical Constituents and Bioactivities of Celosia Cristata L. and Penthorum Chinense Pursh

【作者】 王燕

【导师】 郭美丽;

【作者基本信息】 第二军医大学 , 生药学, 2012, 博士

【摘要】 肝损伤是肝脏疾病共有的病理状态,是肝纤维化、肝硬化、甚至肝癌发生的重要始动因素,严重危害人类健康。因此,研究开发保肝的有效药物始终是肝病防治的重要环节。近些年的临床实践证明,化学药物因毒副作用较大,限制了其临床应用。中药对于疾病的治疗有着多靶点、多环节以及毒副作用小的特点。因此,对保肝中药深入研究,从中开发具有良好保肝活性的药物,对于肝损伤的防治具有重要的意义。鸡冠花子为苋科(Amaranthaceae)青葙属(Celosia)一年生草本植物鸡冠花(Celosia cristata L.)的干燥成熟种子,在多数地区作青葙子使用,其味甘、微苦,性微寒;具有清肝泻火、明目退翳之功效,主治泪涩难开,白翳遮睛、视物昏花、肝火眩晕。扯根菜(Penthorum chinense Pursh)为虎耳草科(Saxifragaceae)扯根菜属(Penthorum)植物扯根菜的干燥地上部分,又名赶黄草,为苗族传统药物,民间以其全草入药。全草性温、味甘、无毒,具清热、解毒、活血、平肝、健脾、祛黄疸等功效。主治黄疸、水肿、经闭、血崩、带下、跌打损伤,以及各型肝炎、脂肪肝等。现代药理学及临床医学研究证实,鸡冠花子和扯根菜具有清热、利湿、解毒、平肝、降酶、退黄、保肝及健脾等作用,广泛用于治疗急性肝炎、慢性活动性肝炎、胆囊炎、酒精肝及脂肪肝等。本课题采用溶剂法、硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20柱层析及制备HPLC等方法对鸡冠花子和扯根菜的化学成分进行分离及纯化,利用UV、IR、1H-NMR、13C-NMR、MS和2D NMR等波谱技术鉴定其化学结构。从鸡冠花子提取物中得到了18个化合物。应用理化常数测定和光谱学方法鉴定了其中15个化合物的化学结构,它们分别是:对羟基苯乙醇、山奈酚、槲皮素、鸡冠花苷、青葙苷A、青葙苷B、青葙苷Ⅰ、青葙苷Ⅱ、Sphingosine、 β-谷甾醇、2-羟基十八烷酸、豆甾醇、胡萝卜苷、棕榈酸和正二十六烷酸,其中鸡冠花苷为新化合物。从扯根菜提取物中得到了21个化合物。应用理化常数测定和光谱学方法鉴定了其中19个化合物的化学结构,它们分别是:胡萝卜苷、槲皮素、山奈酚、羽扇豆醇、熊果酸、十六烷酸、β-谷甾醇、芹菜素、木犀草素、桦木酸、东莨菪亭、乔松素、扯根菜苷、没食子酸、槲皮素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、芒果苷、槲皮素-3-O-鼠李糖苷、诃子次酸和短叶苏木酚酸,其中扯根菜苷为新化合物。以四氯化碳和二甲基甲酰胺诱导的小鼠肝损伤模型,对鸡冠花苷的体内保肝活性进行了研究。结果表明鸡冠花苷连续口服给药3天,对四氯化碳和二甲基甲酰胺引起的AST、ALT和ALP升高均有明显的预防作用,在1.0mg·kg-14.0mg·kg-1范围内与对照组有非常显著差异(P<0.01)。病理切片显示,模型组小鼠肝组织呈局灶性坏死,坏死灶内肝细胞结构已遭到严重破坏,肝细胞轮廓基本消失,并伴有大量以淋巴细胞为主的炎症细胞浸润,中高剂量组动物的肝小叶结构清晰,肝细胞排列紊乱,肝内偶见水样变性细胞,基本无炎症细胞浸润。鸡冠花苷口服对四氯化碳和二甲基甲酰胺引起的生化改变有明显的预防作用。以四氯化碳诱导的小鼠肝损伤试验,观察了乔松素、槲皮素、山奈酚和木犀草素的保肝活性,发现木犀草素对四氯化碳造成的肝损伤有一定的保护作用,而乔松素、槲皮素、山奈酚未发现明显的保肝活性。本研究结果为阐明鸡冠花子和扯根菜的药效物质基础提供参考,为鸡冠花和扯根菜资源的合理开发利用奠定基础。

【Abstract】 Hepatic injury is a fundamental pathological process in most chronic hepatic diseasesand longstanding hepatic injury leads to hepatic fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and evenhepatocellular carcinoma. Investigations have indicated that some herbal extracts and theirchemical constituents can significantly inhibit these aforementioned pathologic processesand protect hepatocytes against the etiologies of chronic hepatic injury.Celosia cristata L.(Family-Amaranthaceae) is recorded in Dian Nan’s Herbal. Infolklore practice, the seeds of Celosia cristata L. has been used traditionally for removingliver-heat, improving eyesight, clearing wind-heat, lowering the blood pressure and anti-inflammation. Penthorum chinense Pursh is used in Chinese medicine as remedy forjaundice, edema and traumatic injury.In order to study the chemical constituents of Celosia cristata L. seeds andPenthorum chinense Pursh, further chemical study on the two plants was carried out. Thestructures were identified on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis (IR, EI-MS, ESI-MS,1H-NMR,13C-NMR and2D NMR) and by comparison with the data reported inliterature.From Celosia cristata L., eighteen compounds were isolated and fifteen compoundswere identified, they were p-hydroxyphenylethanol (AC-1), kaempferol (AC-2), quercetin(AC-3), cristatain (AC-4), celosin A (AC-5), celosin B (AC-6), celosinⅠ(AC-7), celosinⅡ(AC-8), sphingosine (AC-9), β-sitosterol (AC-10), stearic acid (AC-11), stigmasterol (AC-12), daucosterol (AC-13), palmitinic acid (AC-14), n-hexacosoic acid (AC-15). Amongthese compounds, AC-4was found to be a new compound, named cristatain by author.From Penthorum chinense Pursh, twenty-one compounds were isolated and nineteencompounds were identified, they were daucosterol (PC-1), quercetin (PC-2), kaempferol(PC-3), lupeol (PC-4), ursolic acid (PC-5), palmitinic acid (PC-6), β-sitosterol (PC-7),apigenin (PC-8), luteolin (PC-9), betulic acid (PC-10), scopoletin (PC-11), pinocembrin(PC-12), penthorin (PC-13), gallic acid (PC-14), quercetin-3-O-glucoside (PC-15),mangiferin (PC-16), quercetin-3-O-rhiamnoside (PC-17), chebulic acid (PC-18)brervifolincaboxylic acid (PC-19). Among these compounds, PC-13was found to be a newcompound, named penthorin by author.The present study investigated the hepatoprotective effects of cristatain against theCCl4-induced and DMF-induced liver injury. The mice were administrated orally with total ethanol extract at1.0mg·kg-1-4.0mg·kg-1doses, respectively, for3days. The resultsshowed that cristatain remarkably lowered the serum AST, ALT and ALP compared to themodel group (P<0.01). The histopathological hepatic lesions induced by administration ofCCl4were remarkably ameliorated by cristatain. We compared the hepatoprotective effectof pinocembrin, quercetin, kaempferol and luteolin, indicating that luteolin displayhepatoprotective property in CCl4induced liver injury in mice.This study lays a foundation for the utilization of Celosia cristata L. and Penthorumchinense Pursh..

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