唐宋时期敦煌石窟中的于阗因素研究

【作者】 陈粟裕；

【导师】 罗世平；

【作者基本信息】 中央美术学院 ， 美术学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 于阗作为丝绸之路南道上的重要一站,长久以来一直与中原王朝在政治、文化、宗教上保持着千丝万缕的联系。唐宋之际,特别是在吐蕃统治敦煌时期与曹氏归义军时期,由于沙州与于阗之间的关系变得密切而直接,在敦煌石窟中出现了大量与于阗相关的图像。这些具有于阗因素的图像主要分为两类：一类是从于阗传入敦煌的固有造像样式,如于阗瑞像、于阗守护神、毗沙门天王等,这些图像在传入敦煌之后虽然经过了部分的改变,但是原有样式的特点依然明显；另一类则是与于阗相关的经典以及由此产生的图像,这些图像在一定程度上来自于汉地民众对于阗的想象,如新样文殊中于阗王牵狮子的图像即是此类。本文主要针对这些图像进行个案研究,运用大量的图像比对与文献梳理,弄清它们各自的样式来源、文化属性,以及出现在敦煌石窟中的原因。从对这些图像的研究中可以发现,在吐蕃统治敦煌时期到曹氏归义军时期,于阗的佛教信仰思想,特别是末法思想传入敦煌之后有较大影响,使得敦煌本地民众借用瑞像、于阗守护神等神祗的形象守护敦煌。另一方面由于中原地区以及敦煌对于阗佛教的吸纳,使得在民众心目中于阗成为一个重要的佛国,由此展开了对于阗国、于阗王的想象。曹氏归义军时期,由于与于阗王族的联姻,大量于阗人活动在敦煌,在石窟中出现了于阗王族的供养像,在对这些供养像以及曹氏归义军时期具有于阗因素的图像的考察中可以发现,至少在晚期的于阗王族中,出现了汉化的倾向,而这种汉化的来源,很有可能是与之关系密切的敦煌。更多还原

【Abstract】 As one of the most important stops on the southern route of the Silk Road, Kotan maintained substantial political, cultural, and religious contacts with the Han regimes in central China. During the time period between Han and Tang dynasties, especially when Dunhuang was ruled by Tibet and the Guiyijun of Cao, given the close and direct ties between Shazhou and Kotan, a plethora of images bearing traces of Kotan culture appeared in the caves of Dunhuang.These Kotan images may be categorized into two groups. Group one refers to stereotyped images imported from Kotan, such as auspicious images of Kotan, guardian deities of Kotan, and Vaisravana. These images were partially transformed when arrived in Dunhuang, but the original stylistic features remained prominent. The other group of images was generated by the arrival of Kotan sutras and the imagination of Kotan by the Han area populace. One example in case is the representation of the Khotan king leading a lion modeled after Manjusri Bodhisattva.The agenda of this dissertation is to study the latter group of images. Through comparing a diversity of images and researching textual sources,I aim to locate the origin of their styles and cultural features, and to explain why they appeared in Dunhuang caves. Based on my research focused on these images, I argue that Buddhist ideas of Kotan, especially Buddhist eschatology, were influential when introduced into the Dunhuang area at the time of the Tibetan rule and the Guiyijun of Cao. Local people borrowed auspicious images and guardian deities from Kotan as guardians of Dunhuang.On the other hand, the absorption of Kotan Buddhism by the Dunhuang and central China areas had produced Kotan as an important Buddhist kingdom in the imagination of the ordinary people. They in turn started to imagine the kingdom and king of Kotan. At the time of the Guiyijun of Cao, local rulers married the royal house of Kotan and brought a large number of Kotan people into Dunhuang. Images of the Kotan royal family as patrons of Buddhism appeared in Dunhuang caves. Through investigating these patronage images and other images of Kotan traces at the time of the Guiyijun of Cao, I demonstrate that Sinocizing tendencies could be observed in the late history of the Kotan royal house. I also argue that Sinocization originated in Dunhuang, which interacted with Kotan closely.更多还原