【作者】 洪晓彬；

【导师】 刘大庆；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 青少年运动员培养是竞技体育可持续发展的保障。美国之所以能够长期作为世界竞技体育头号强国,拥有庞大的青少年运动员后备人才梯队是主要原因。如何培养运动成绩卓越,文化学习成绩优良的青少年运动员一直是理论研究者与实践探索者关心的重要问题。因此,本文力求通过对美国青少年运动员培养分析,展现全面、清晰的美国青少年运动员培养脉络。本研究以美国青少年运动员培养作为研究对象,采用文献资料、实地考察、专家访谈和问卷调查等方法对青少年运动员培养的相关法规与政策、组织机构、竞训特点,青少年游泳运动员管理机构、训练状况、竞赛状况、文化教育状况及竞训消费状况进行深入研究与调查,得出下列结论：1美国有完整系统的青少年参与体育运动的法规,对青少年参与体育运动进行了系统规范。这些法规包括第九教育修正法案、美国残疾人法案及业余体育法。促进青少年运动员文化学习的教育法案及政策包括平等教育机会法案、不让一个孩子掉队法案及参训学业标准政策。2美国青少年体育管理组织分为6大类：非营利性单项体育联盟、国家青少年组织、俱乐部性质体育组织、体育娱乐与休闲组织、校内和校际体育组织。3青少年运动员学校训练特点分别为短周期、训练水平低,校外训练特点为长周期、训练水平高,共同特点为业余性。在美国青少年运动员培养上,校外青少年体育组织承担着更重要的角色。4青少年游泳运动员训练时间特点：每周参与俱乐部训练时间为6小时以上。国家级赛事运动水平运动员每周训练时间可达12小时以上；高中生游泳运动员每周参与学校训练时间为5小时以上,国家级赛事运动水平运动员每周参与学校训练时间可达10小时以上；高中校际赛季内,大部分高中游泳运动员选择学校与俱乐部的“双重”训练,国家级赛事运动水平运动员每周训练时间可达20小时；总体表现为,运动水平越高,训练时间越长。5美国青少年游泳运动员竞赛特点：运动水平越高,年参赛次数越多,大部分国家级赛事运动水平运动员年参赛次数在20次以上6美国青少年运动员文化学习状况：90%以上青少年游泳运动员的文化成绩非常优秀；90%的家长认为参与游泳训练不影响文化学习成绩。7美国青少年游泳运动员竞训消费状况：运动水平越高,竞训消费越高。大部分国家级赛事运动水平运动员竞训年消费在3500美元以上更多还原

【Abstract】 Development of youth sport is very important for continuable development of sport. The number of youth athletes is basis of country that competition sport is very excellent. The main reason why US is the most excellent in the area of competition sport is that there are so many youth athletes in the US. What is important question that theorist and practitioner care is how to make youth athlete excellent on both sport and academic performance. The purpose of this article will shed light on the system of development of youth sport in the US.Current research take development of youth sport in the United States as subject, by using of literature review, filed investigation, expert interview and questionnaire to explore youth sport policies, youth sport organization, features of training and competition, organization of youth swimming, training, competition, academic and consume of youth swimmer. Conclusion as follow:1Policies that influence participation of youth sport include Title ix of the Educational Amendments of1972, American with disabilities act and Amateur Athletic Act of1978. Education policies that promote academic performance of youth athlete include Equal Educational Opportunities Act of1974, No Child Left Behind.2Youth sport organization in the United States can be divided into six categories, namely, angecy-sponsored programs; national youth services organizations, club sports, recreation programs, intramural programs and interscholastic programs.3Training features in high school is that short periodicity and low training level. Training features out of school is that long periodicity and high training level. The same feature between high school and out of school is amateur. Community sport organizations play important role in the process of youth sport development, school-program play secondaryrole in the process of youth sport development.4Youth swimmers spend more than6hours on practicing per week with club team. Youth swimmers on national level spend more than12hours on practicing per week with club team. High school swimmers spend more than5hours on practicing per week with high school. High school swimmers spend more than10hours on practicing per week with high school. During high school season, most high school swimmers accept "double" training, high school swimmer on national level spend more than20hours on practicing per week. On the whole, the higher on skill level swimmers are1, the longer swimmers spend on practicing.5Each year, USA Swimming provides many events on different level with youth swimmers. The higher on skill level swimmers are, the more swimmers participate in competition. Most youth swimmers on national level take more than20competitions each year.660percent of youth swimmers’academic are excellent.90percent of parents think that participate in swimming don’t affect academic performance.7Swimming is a kind of noble sport. The higher on skill level swimmers are, the more money spends on swimming.更多还原