【作者】 郝志勇；

【导师】 徐伟军；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 民族传统体育学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本文是从文化形态学的视角对明清武术文化进行研究,旨在揭示明清处在武术发展的成熟期是以怎样的文化形态存在,并在此基础上总结和提炼它所具备的价值,以期在更深层次上认识武术的同时,为武术的发展提供明确有效的建议。本研究采用文献资料、专家访谈、田野调查、比较分析等方法对明清武术文化的器物技术、制度习俗、思想精神三个文化形态及其形成动因进行了研究。器物技术形态是明清武术文化存在的基础。明中后期大量出现了以身体为对象的技击书籍,有的配己以图片,拳诀、拳谚开始广泛流传。明清武术技术结构是以“势”为基本单位,分为演武和比武两种形式,器械与拳种的技术体系已经形成,且呈现出多样性的特点。器物技术的实物形态包括器械、服饰和习武场所等。器物技术形态存在于军事与民间两种环境中,且呈现出从军事逐步转向民间的发展态势。制度习俗形态是明清武术文化形成的保证。官方管理制度包括军传制、武举制和团练制,这些制度对习武者进行严格控制,导致了武术技术呈现标准化、单一化。民间管理习俗包括血缘制、地缘制和业缘制。其中地缘制在传承过程中既能保持拳种的特色,又能使拳种得到创新和发展,是明清武术传习的核心、制度。思想精神形态是明清武术文化发展的动力。明清武术身体观是武术与中国传统思想相结合的产物,是形成明清武术文化的核心思想。明清武术思想受“西学”、“实学”、“中医”的影响,经历了一段从蒙醒到觉醒,再到醒悟的过程,最终在晚清形成了武学思想。明清武德包括传习之德、比武之德、用武之德；明清武术之美包括外在的形象美和内在的感受美。明清武术文化形成的条件与动因包括：物质、经济方面的明清小农经济模式、社会分工、冶炼、火药、造纸、印刷等技术；制度、社会方面的军事训练管理、销兵禁武政策、内忧外患的政治局势；思想精神方面的国学、实学、西学等。在深刻把握明清武术文化的基础上,本文进一步探究了其三方面的价值。在历史方面表现在明清武术文化不仅处在中国武术文化历史发展的轴心期,同时在整个人类技击文化发展史巾也同样处于一个轴心时代；在广度方面表现在由物质、制度和精神三种形态分别折射出来的诸多价值；在深度方面表现在技击被人化。明清武术文化价值对今后武术的启示是：在提倡国学的前提下,利用明清武术固有的思维方式(武术身体观),进一步丰富“技击人化”的理论与思想,从而使武术自身得到发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 From the view of cultural morphology, this dissertation has studied the Wushu culture in Ming and Qing dynasty (MQD), which purpose is to reveal that in what cultural morphology Wushu has existed during MQD, taker, as an "Axial Period", and that what value has the Ming and Qing Wushu held, in order to understand Wushu in deeper level and provide some advice for the development of Wushu. Through documentary, expert interview, field study, and comparative analysis, three levels of morphology of Wushu culture in MQD——material and technique, system and custom, thought and spirit——and its conditions and agents have been researched respectively.The morphology of material and technique is the foundation of existence of Wushu culture in MQD. During the Middle and Late Ming dynasty, there have existed some books on fighting techniques, and some with pictures; some Wushu pithy formulas have been spread widely. The basic structure of Wushu technique in MQD is "Shi", with forms of demonstration and competition; the technique system of boxing and weapons has been shaped, bearing a characteristic of variety. The morphology of material also includes weapons, costumes and venues. The material and technique has two conditions of existence, which are military and civilian, with a change from the former to the latter. The morphology of system and custom is the guarantee of the formation of Wushu culture in MQD. Official managing systems consist of pass-and-learn in military, military official selecting, and local military. They take serious control of soldiers, leading to standardization and simplification of Wushu technique. Civil managing customs comprise pass-and-learn through blood relationship, via geography, and by profession. Among these, the one via geography, not only maintaining characteristic of a certain boxing style, but also making it develop and innovate, is the core system. The morphology of thought and spirit is the dynamic of the development of Wushu culture in MQD. Wushu body-outlook in MQD is a combination of Wushu and traditional Chinese thoughts and central idea of the shape of Wushu culture in MQD. The Wushu though in MQD, influenced by "Western Learning","Real Learning","Chinese Medicine", has experienced a process from initialization to ripeness, and finally formed the Wuology. The morality in MQD includes the one in learn-and-pass, during competition and by utilization; and the beauty in MQD is composed of the internal image and external feel. The conditions and agents of the formation of Wushu culture in MQD contains the small-peasant economy, the social division of labor, smelting technique, thriving of firearms, papermaking technology, and printing, which belong to the aspect of material; management of military drill, policy of prohibition of practicing Wushu, political situation of internal and external troubles, which pertain tc the aspect of society and system;"sludies of Chinese ancient civilization","Real Learning","Western Learning", which are part of the aspect thought and spirit.Based on understanding Wushu culture in MQD, this article has further explored its three values. In the aspect of history, Wushu culture in MQD not only stays in the mature stage during the evolution of Wushu culture, but also lies in the axial period in the course of development of human fighting culture. In the aspect of width, a good number of values are held by the three cultural morphologies. In the aspect of depth, the fighting technique is humanized. The relevption of the values of Wushu culture in MQD is, on the premise of promoting to "studies of Chine ancient civilization", and utilizing the intrinsic way of thinking (Wushu body-outlook in MQD), to enrich the theory and thoughts of "humanized fighting technique", in order to get Wushu developed itself.更多还原