【作者】 马思远；

【导师】 史康成；

【作者基本信息】 北京体育大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 基于学生体质的重要性,其下降的严重性、危害性,扭转其下降的紧迫性,国家公布其调查结果的局限性、模糊性以及对其下降研究的局限性,本研究以我国政治、经济和教育发展为背景,运用文献资料法、定量和定性分析法等研究方法和多学科理论,对我国中小学生体质下降及其社会成因进行研究,结论如下：一、综合分析1985-2010年中小学生主要体质指标呈现以下特征：1、反映其耐力、速度、力量和肺活量等指标均呈下降趋势,未出现“止跌”、“好转”、“继续提高”的迹象；2、反映其视力、肥胖和超重的健康指标检出率均呈逐年严重上升趋势,其中,2010年城市男生肥胖检出率为13.3%,超过WHO公布10%的“安全临界点,2010年城市学生视力不良检出率超过80%,且趋向低龄化。二、学生身体素质指标1985-1995年呈上升趋势,之后呈下降趋势,主要因为：经济发展,学生营养逐步改善和快节奏生活方式尚未形成；学校重视体质教育和业余体育训练,体育教师积极性高；第一代独生子女刚入学,应试教育激烈竞争程度还不高,其学习压力较小和群众性体育活动开展较好等多种因素相互叠加,形成正面耦合效应,有效促进其体质健康。1995年之后各种因素形成负面的耦合效应,导致其体质下降。三、体育教师的能动性,对执行体育教学大纲,开展体育教学,降低体育安全风险和减轻学生学业负担起着积极作用。而体育教学大纲、体育教学质量、体育安全问题和应试教育对体育教师又分别起着：指导其体育教学,衡量并督促其体育工作,影响其能动性发挥,边缘化其教育地位。这些因素相互影响和制约,共同作用于学生体质,影响其健康。四、经济快速发展,学生营养充足,导致其超重和肥胖,同时也加速生活方式的变迁,形成快节奏的生活方式。为解决经济发展与人口增长之间的矛盾,实行独生子女与经济发展政策也产生一些负面效应：不良生活方式,不健康饮食环境和观念,体质教育的困境等。这些不良因素形成叠加效应,加剧对其体质的影响。五、经济建设取得巨大成就和精神文化建设相对缺失,社会过分追求经济效应,形成急功近利等不良氛围,扭曲了社会的价值、人才、教育及道德等观念,这些影响折射到教育环境中,加剧学生学习、升学和就业的压力；折射到体育管理环境中,产生有令不行,行而无果的尴尬现状,导致学生体质下降,形成如今的困局。更多还原

【Abstract】 This study is made due to the importance of students’healthy constitution,the seriousness and harmfulness of students’physical deterioration and the urgency of reversing its decline.The incompleteness and vagueness of the investigation results openly announced by our country, and the limitation of investigating students’ physical deterioration also add to the necessity of this study,which probes into the situation of primary and secondary school students’ physical deterioration and its social causes on the basis of the political, economic and educational development. Resorting to literature collection, investigation, historical documents, quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, and with the help of the theories from many other subjects, this study obtains the results as follows.1. As a result of comprehensive analyses, the major indices of primary and secondary school students’constitution show the following features:l)There is a declining trend of physical quality indices and vital capacity, an index of physical function, which reflect endurance, speed, explosiveness and strength. And no sign of stopping declining,becoming better or improving can be seen;2)The detection rate of bad eyesight and overweight keeps increasing quickly year by year, with13.3%of overweight among male students in cities in2010, surpassing the safety critical point of10%announced by WHO, and over80%of bad eyesight among urban students in2010, which develops towards lower ages.2. Students’physical quality indices had a rising trend from1985to1995, and a declining trend after that. The main reasons are as follows. Firstly, the years from1985to1995had seen an economic development, improved nutrition and a relatively easy lifestyle. Secondly, schools attached importance on students’physical quality and after-school sports training, therefore, PE teachers worked enthusiastically. Thirdly, in1985, the first one-child generation entered school. They didn’t experience a highly competitive exam-oriented education, so they lived under less study pressure and with more mass-sports activities. Those various factors stacked with each other, forming a positive coupling effect, which promoted the improvement of students physical fitness. However, after1995, those factors formed a negative coupling effect and caused the deterioration of students’constitution.3. The initiative of PE teachers has a positive effect on carrying out PE teaching outline, PE teaching, lowering PE safety risk and reducing students’study pressure. The PE teaching outline guides teaching and the requirement of PE teaching quality measures and encourages teachers’ work,while PE safety problems and exam-oriented education affect teachers’initiative and marginalize their status in education. Those factors have a mutual influence on students’constitution and affect their physical fitness.4. The rapid economic development makes students be able to get sufficient nutrition, causing more cases of overweight and obesity, and what’s more, speeding up the changing of lifestyle,and forming a fast way of life. In order to solve the conflicts between economic development and increasing population, the one-child policy is implemented, which, along with some economic policies, leads to some negative effects. Unfavorable lifestyles, unhealthy diet environment and diet ideas, and the dilemma of physical education stack with each other and increase their influence on students’constitution.5. Economic construction has achieved great results, but there is a lack of spiritual and cultural construction. The society has excess pursuit of economic benefits. As a result, people live in an environment of over stress on quick success and instant benefits.The social values, moral concepts and ideas about talent and education are distorted. In educational environment, those changes bring more pressure on students’ school learning, further study and employment. In physical education management, those factors lead to an embarrassing situation:the difficulty of enforcement and no result. Therefore, students’physical quality is on a decline, forming a dilemma at present.更多还原