【作者】 杨柳青；

【导师】 谭晓凤；

【作者基本信息】 中南林业科技大学 ， 森林培育， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 加拿大一枝黄花为我国外来入侵植物,其生命力强,扩散快,已在我国大面积发生,为害严重。为了有效防除或有效控制其蔓延,本文从加拿大一枝黄花对高速公路两边常用园林绿化植物种子发芽时的化感作用、不同水分胁迫条件下加拿大一枝黄花的生理与生长变化、施用化学除草剂、生物除草剂对加拿大一枝黄花的生理与生长影响,以及化学防除后的植被恢复等几个方面开展了系统的研究,主要研究结果如下：1加拿大一枝黄花茎叶和根浸提液对高速公路两边绿化常用园林植物种子发芽的化感作用。用新鲜茎叶、根的浸提物对高速公路两边绿化常用的园林植物高羊茅、黑麦草、多花木兰、紫花苜蓿、马蹄金、黄花槐、刺槐等种子发芽时的化感作用进行了研究。结果表明,不同稀释倍数的茎叶浸提液原液处理对种子的发芽都有明显的抑制作用,降低了种子的发芽率；茎叶浸提液对不同物种发芽种子茎的生长有抑制作用,生长量有不同程度的降低；茎叶浸提液对发芽种子根的生长有抑制作用,与对照相比,其生长长度有不同程度的减少；茎叶浸提液对黄花槐的种子的发芽没有明显影响；对黑麦草发芽种子的根的生长有促进作用。4倍稀释液对黑麦草的种子发芽和根的生长有促进作用。根浸提液促进马蹄金的发芽；抑制其芽生长；根浸提液促进刺槐种子的发芽；根浸提液抑制紫花苜蓿发芽,但促进茎和根的生长。2、水分胁迫条件下加拿大一枝黄花的生理与生长变化。植物对缺水十分敏感,缺水严重影响它的生长。处理10天后的植株叶片中叶绿素含量只有对照的61.1%,捕获的光能减少；光能转换和传递效率严重下降,表观光合电子传递速率ETR只有对照的22.7%；导致了光合速率下降,是对照的11.3%；高度增加只有对照的14.4%；单位面积叶片的鲜重只有对照的28.6%；持续无浇水干旱13天植株已死亡。加拿大一枝黄花对于水淹忍受能力较强,水淹15天生长十分健康,生长超过对照。3、化学除草剂对加拿大一枝黄花生理与生长影响。甲磺隆、使它隆和草甘鳞不同浓度的处理对植物的生理和生长的影响效果表明,使它隆50倍液灭杀效果最好。处理50天后植株死亡。其它的处理如使它隆100倍、使它隆500倍、甲磺隆500倍、250倍液都有较好的防治效果,处理50天后植株死亡。草甘膦异柄胺盐防治效果较差,处理50天后植株茎尖死亡,但是杆存活,过3个月后植株生长正常。通过室内与室外的应用,筛选出具有较强消灭效果的化学除草剂有：使它隆(上海秦禾有限公司生产,有效成份为氯氟吡氧乙酸)500倍液或更高的浓度、10%森草净SP和25%阿森纳SL。要达到100%的灭杀效果要需要施药后11周以上,综合拿大一枝黄花对缺水的敏感性,施用除草剂最佳的时间为高温、强光、缺水的环境下其防治效果更好。虽然早春幼苗阶段植株抗性弱,但是此阶段降雨多,不利于灭杀。因而化学除草剂最佳防治时间为7月下旬到8月上旬。4、生物除草剂小菌核菌对加拿大一枝黄花生理与生长的影响。生物除草剂小菌核菌的快速扩繁研究。研究结果表明,菌丝和菌核接种的结果基本一致,掺有谷壳的麦麸、棉籽壳、米糠等基质的扩繁效果较好,其中以麦麸掺谷壳的效果最好；麦麸50%+谷壳50%的培养效果最好,麦麸25%+谷壳75%的效果次之。生物除草剂小菌核菌对加拿大一枝黄花离体新鲜叶片的感染试验。结果表明,浸菌液处理后的叶片其感染面积相对大,其叶面积感染百分率达94%；湿叶的面积感染百分率达28%；最小的是鲜叶和对照。使用中建议直接对植株喷含菌丝的水溶液。生物除草剂对加拿大一枝黄花盆栽植株及大田植株的感染试验。盆栽试验表明,小菌核菌对植物的致病力较强,而且从施用到发病只需要一个月,杀灭率达83%。大田试验表明,小菌核菌对植物都有较强的杀灭效果,清除率达80%以上,但是菌丝的浓度其保存时间还有待于进一步研究。生物除草剂小菌核菌对加拿大一枝黄花生理与生长的影响。施用小菌核菌后,植物的生理发生了明显的变化,表现在：处理18天后其叶绿素最小含量只有对照的91.1%,处理15天后表观光合电子传递速率ETR最小值只有对照的20.9%。处理35天后,各处理的死亡率都达到83.3%。5、加拿大一枝黄花入侵地的植被恢复研究。试验表明,施用甲磺隆、使它隆、草甘膦异柄胺三种不同浓度的除草剂35天后,样地中死亡的植株个体数都较多,但不能完全杀灭；甲磺隆250倍液、使它隆500倍液、使它隆250倍液、使它隆100倍液处理的样地中只有少量加拿大一枝黄花。处理77天后,各样地上的物种数、个体数和生物多样性指数差异显著。草甘膦200倍液、草甘膦50倍液样地(一平方米)中盖度较大,物种数有10种左右；植物个体数超过110株/平方米。甲磺隆250倍液+使它隆、使它隆250倍液、使它隆100倍液处理样地盖度只有0.1左右；物种数只有4左右；个体数只有20-30株/平方米。各样地处理的生物多样性指数与对照相比都有明显增加。试验及调查表明,美洲紫苑、蒿、狗尾草、牛筋草能抵抗加拿大一枝黄花的化感作用,在其群落中能较好地生长。在使用除草剂后,先锋入侵能力较强的10种植物分别是苦苣、香附子、地锦、美洲紫苑、蒿、狗尾草、牛筋草、荔枝草、圆叶牵牛、酸模,它们对加拿大一枝黄花根系的化感作用不是很敏感。综合试验结果,对加拿大一枝黄花的防治措施包括农业措施防治、化学防治、生物防治都是切实可行的。更多还原

【Abstract】 Solidgo canadensis is a external invasion plant in China. It has high vitality, proliferates quickly, already growth in many places, and its damage was very seriously. In order to control its overspread, eliminate and use it effectively, The allelopathy, water physiology, chemical preventing and controlling, biological preventing and controlling, The plant restortion and comprehensive utilization several aspects were studied.Basing on The analysis and summary of literatures, The problems about The study of S. canadensis were put out. I Its basic physiological habit was not understood. II The influence of water on its growth was not reported. Ⅲ There were few literatures about The influence of insect on it. Ⅳ WheaTher or not to control it by microorganism, how to use? V How to prenevting and control S. canadensis effectively? There was not unification standard. VI How was The plant restoration after using The chemical herbicide to kill The S. canadensis in our country Yangtze River.The allelopathy of root and stem and leaf to oTher seven plants were studied. The results showed that The stock solution of vat liquor of stem and leaf suppressed The seed germinates, The growth of stem of germinated seed of five plants, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne, Indigofera amblyantha, Medicago sativa, Dichondra repen. It was not obvious effect on The seed germination of Gassiu surattensis. It promoted The growth of root ofLolium perenne. It suppressed The growths of The root of Festuca arundinacea, Medicago sativa, Robinia pseudoacacia and Robinia pseudoacacia. The diluted solution of The stock solution of vat liquor of stem and leaf suppressed The germination and growth of Robinia pseudoacacia, Robinia pseudoacacia and Medicago sativa, suppressed The germination of Indigofera amblyantha and Lolium perenne, but was not obvious on The Festuca arundinace. The solution of dilute4times of The stock solution of vat liquor of stem and leaf promoted The germination and growth of root of Lolium perenne, but suppressed The growth of stem of Lolium perenne.The stock solution of vat liquor of root promoted The germination of Dichondra repens, but suppressed The growth of stem and root of Dichondra repens. It promoted The germination and growth of Robinia pseudoacacia. It promoted The growth of stem and root of Medicago sativa, but The solution of dilute1times and The stock solution of vat liquor of root suppressed The germination of M. sativa, The solution of dilute2,3,4times of The stock solution of vat liquor of root promoted The germaination of M. sativa.Solidgo canadensis was very sensitive to The water. The lacks of water affected its growth seriously. The water shortage decreased The contents of chlorophyll, The light energy captured by chlorophyll, The efficiencies of light energy transform and transferring, The photosynThesis rate. So The energy fixed by plant reduced. At The same time, The leaf was wilting, The stem point curved, The color of leaf became yellow. The plants were dead after13days without watering.Solidgo canadensis could endure long time water flooding. The plant was better than The control plant after15days water flooding. The contents of chlorophyll, The light energy transferring, photosynthic electron effiency, net photosynThesis rate, biomass and The net height increased.After The experiments in The lab and in The field, several strong elimination effect chemical herbicide were selected, fluroxypyr(Shanghai Qin Standing grain Limited company to produce, active element fluroxypyr)500times of fluids or higher density, Suifometuron-methyl(10percent), rsenal-SL(25percent). In order to kill Solidgo canadensis100percent, The times shoud be over11weeks after use. Considering The sensitivity of S. canadensis to hydropenia, The best time for using those chemical herbicide was high temperature, intensity light, short of water. Although The early spring seedling was weak to The chemical herbicide, The water content of soil was vey high.It was not suitable for The use of chemical herbicide.The best time for using chemical herbicide was The end of July to beginning of August.The experiments of using sclerotinia minor and fluroxypyr showed that The athogenicity of sclerotinia minor to Solidgo canadensis was strong. The time from use to invasion was only one month, and its kill rate was83percent. So it could be used in The preventing and controlling S. canadensis as one of The measures. It was very difficult to kill all plant in The samples using sclerotinia minor. On The oTher hand, The transportation portable and The use conveniences must be considered in order to use in The field.So The culture of sclerotinia minor must be optimized. Throught The culture and infect experiment, The best The culture medium was filtered out, hull75percent and wheat bran25percent. The hypha on it was long and grow quickly, and The mumber was more.The best impregnation effect to Solidgo canadensis was The leaf dipping in The solution of gyph. The better is The wet leaf. Considering The use sutible in The field, spurting The solution containing The hypha was The best methods for impregnation The leaf of Solidgo canadensis. The experiment in The filed showed that The hypha solution and fluroxypyr500times could kill The Solidgo canadensis, and The death ratio reached98percent. But The The hypha density and its store time should be studied for furTher.The death ratio of plants in The samples treated with hree kinds of concentration ofmetsulfuron-methyl,fluroxypyr and iso-propylglyphosate for35days were vey high, but could not kill all plants. The samples only few plants were The samples treated with Metsulfuron-methyl250times, fluroxypyr500times, fluroxypyr250times, fluroxypyr100times. The differences of The species, The numbers and The biodiversity among The samples were obvious among those samples. The plant coverage of samples treated with iso-propylglyphosate200times, iso-propylglyphosate50times were higher, and The kinds of plants were more, more than10speces, and number of individuals were more, more than110per square meter. The coverage of samples treated with250times and fluroxypyr, fluroxypyr250times, fluroxypyr100times were only about0.1, The specices number were4, number of individuals were few, only among20and30per square meter. The difference between biodiversity index of treatments and control were obvious and increased.The experiment and The investigation indicated that, Americas aster, The wormwood, The green bristlegrass, The goosegrass can resist The allelopathy of Solidgo canadensis. They grow very well in The community of S. canadensis. After treated with chemical herbicide, The10kinds of vanward plant invading The community of S. canadensis were endive, Rhizoma cyperi, Euphorbia humifusa, The Americas aster, The wormwood, The green bristlegrass, The goosegrass, itchi chinensis grass,The Ipomoea purpurea, sorrel-dock, which were not sensitivy to The allelopathy of Solidgo canadensis.Severl preventing and controlling measures were put out basing on The experiment results and literature, agricultural measure preventing and controlling(duplicate ploughs and plants crops),chemistry preventing and controlling (proposed The kinds, concentration and The use time of herbicide), microorganism preventing and controlling (The specific measures of sclerotinia minor), insect preventing and controlling (proposed screening specific sexual root insectivorous) and The synThesis prevents and controls IPM (to carry on preventing and controlling in view of concrete region many kinds of method comprehensive utilization).The reasons for low utilization of Solidgo canadensis were summarized, and They were analyzed based on The technical, The scale, The people psychology, The existence risk and so on several aspects. After The Solidgo canadensis was under The control, The comprehensive utilization methods were put out, medicinal use, use as The feed, pulping, restoration plant for copper debris, cultivation for edible fungus, The landscape plant in The landscape and architehcture.更多还原