【作者】 靳爱仙；

【导师】 周国英；

【作者基本信息】 中南林业科技大学 ， 森林保护， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 马尾松人工林是我国南方面积较大的人工林之一,马尾松人工林的生产力、抵抗力及生态状况等林分质量问题已经成为人工林经营者关注焦点。特别是人工纯林连栽导致土壤退化、病虫害严重等问题日显突出,影响了马尾松工人林健康经营。本文以湖南衡山县紫金山林场马尾松人工林作为研究对象,开展了马尾松人工林土壤健康生物学评价与林分健康评价,人工林主要病害监测,土壤健康生物调控,主要虫害生物控制及林下植被生态功恢复模式等研究,研究结果有助于马尾松人工林健康可持续经营。研究的主要结果如下：(1)马尾松人工林土壤健康生物学评价。应用多元统计分析法,建立适于评价土壤健康的生物学指标体系,第一主成分Yl主要反映的是细菌、真菌、微生物总量、固氮菌、解磷菌、解钾磷、脱氢酶、脲酶、微生物生物量C、微生物生物量N、基础呼吸、基质诱导呼吸、有机质、速效N以及速效P等微生物活性指标的综合变量,其所占总量为75.815%。在评价土壤健康时具有十分重要的作用。运用土壤综合肥力指标值(IFI)作为最终评价土壤健康的标准,其结果为试验区马尾松人工林的土壤质量总体状况欠佳。(2)马尾松人工林林分活力与健康评价。采用复合结构功能指标法,选用马尾松种群活力、植被群落生态健康和林分抵抗活力3个功能结构层及下属的14个因子指标层,构建了马尾松人工林林分活力与健康评价指标体系；运用评价模型对试验区15个小班样地的马尾松人工林总体林分活力与健康状况进行评价,评价结果是林分均处于亚健康状态；采用因子主成分分析方法,对各指标层因子数据分析得出：病虫害指数、植物多样性指数、物种丰富度和林分易燃度指数是马尾松人工林林分活力与健康关键因子。(3)马尾松人工林主要病害高光谱遥感监测。以不同健康状况的南方马尾松人工林为研究对象,实地调查马尾松赤枯病病情,测定其相应冠层的光谱反射率和叶绿素含量,结果表明：马尾松冠层微分光谱相比其原始光谱均更能有效地反应其病情和叶绿素含量变化,且从红光过渡到近红外区域的“红边”是描述林木健康状况的重要指示波段。当林木受病害胁迫时,随着病情的加重其叶绿素含量逐渐降低,从而造成在红光区域由于叶绿素强吸收而形成的“红谷”随着病情的加重逐渐消失；同时,红边位置随病情的加重而依次发生“蓝移”,红边斜率逐渐减小。红边特征参数对马尾松病情和叶绿素含量变化具有较好的指示作用,以其建立的多元逐步回归模型预测精度较高,可作为优选的一种模型。(4)马尾松人工林土壤健康生物调控。从松树外生菌根菌子实体粘盖牛肝菌属和彩色豆马勃属分离到2株真菌(编号为cpy-2和cpy-4),从松树根际土壤中分离到1株菌溶磷能力达65.14mg/L的高效溶磷菌株黄褐假单胞菌(编号为yL14),研究发现这3株菌及硅酸盐细菌菌株K50各菌株间无生物拮抗关系。各菌株发酵液混合后,能明显发挥协同作用。将液体培养的菌株发酵液按体积1：1：1：1混合后,吸附于灭菌的(泥炭：膨润土：玉米粉=3：2：2)混合的载体上,按菌剂：载体为1：10为最佳比例进行吸附处理,制作成固体复合菌剂。菌剂质量指标均达到了农业行业标准NY/T798—2004的标准。将复合微生物菌剂与化学肥料不同比例对马尾松幼苗进行配施,结果表明：微生物菌剂40%+化学肥料60%配施是促进马尾松生长以及改善根际土壤微生态的最佳组合模式。苗高增幅77.6%,地径增幅38.7%,生物量增幅158.1%。使马尾松苗根际微生物数量提高了79.3%,土壤有机质提高了43.3%,土壤速效氮提高了21.42%,土壤速效磷提高了121.83%,土壤速效钾提高了48.38%。(5)马尾松人工林主要虫害生物控制。用博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物通过对松梢螟幼虫的非选择拒食作用、生长抑制作用及触杀作用的测定结果表明：3种植物提取物在浓度100g·L-1时对松梢螟幼虫的生物活性效果较好。3种植物提取物处理比例1：1：1复配表现出一定的增效效果,共毒系数为127.67；3种提取物复配后联合毒力作用的增效最佳植物组合及处理浓度是：柚子皮与垂序商陆提取物,处理比例为1：3,共毒系数为170.02；其次为博落回、柚子皮和垂序商陆提取物三者处理比例1：1：1,共毒系数为127.67。通过对3种植物复配液的增效剂、溶剂和乳化剂的筛选及室内防治效果和林间防治效果的测定,确定植物源复配乳剂的配方为S2：3种植物提取物体积比1：1：1占总体积的30%；增效剂松节油占总体积的5%；溶剂二甲基亚砜占总体积的55%；乳化剂司班-20占总体积的10%。(6)马尾松人工林林下植被生态功能恢复模式。经调查得出,湖南省衡山县紫金山国有林场不同林龄阶段马尾松人工林群落内有植物108种,隶属56科91属。在中幼林马尾松人工林林下建立了4种植被恢复模式,分别是林肥、林药、林草和林农模式。以林农模式土壤中的细菌增加量最多,达到525.39×104cfu/g,其后依次为：林药模式>林肥(大叶胡枝子)模式>林草模式>林肥(紫穗槐)模式。土壤放线菌类群数量增加最大的为：林肥(大叶胡枝子)达13.44×104cfu/g,依次为林肥(紫穗槐)模式>林药模式>林农模式>林草模式。两种林肥模式均显著增加土壤中全氮与碱解氮的含量,增加量分别达到了0.67g/kg、0.65g/kg和32.09mg/kg、25.lmg/kg;林药模式、林农模式和林草模式对土壤全氮的含量几乎没有影响。4种林下植被恢复模式均增加了土壤中全钾含量,增加量最大的为林药模式,增加量为0.36g/kg,两种林肥模式对土壤全钾含量的影响差别不大,增加量分别为0.27g/kg和0.28g/kg,林草模式下的土壤全钾增加量最少,为0.08g/kg。不同的林下植被恢复模式对松树的促生长效果较为明显,与对照样地相比,林下植被恢复的4年生人工林,均木年材积生长量是未进行恢复的2倍左右,10年生人工林的这一数值相对较小,但也在1.3-1.7倍之间。均木年材积生长量最大的为林药恢复模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Masson pine plantation is one of the larger plantations in southern China. The plantation managers have focused on the quality of masson pine plantation such as productivity, resistance and ecological condition.Especially for successive planting of pure plantation, issues like soil degradation and serious diseases and insect pests become increasingly outstanding. The paper used Zijinshan national farm in Hengshan county of Hunan province as the research object and had studied the biological evaluation of soil health and assessment of stand health, monitoring of main diseases,bio-manipulation of soil health and biological control of main insect pests as well as recovery of ecological function of the undergrowth vegetation, the main results were as follows:(1) Biological evaluation of soil health of masson pine plantation. In this study, the system of soil biological evaluating indicators that was based by applying method of statistical analysis. The first principal component Y1mainly reflected the variables of microbial activity index which contains bacteria, fungi, total microbes, azotobacter, phosphorus bacteria, minerals bacteria, dehydrogenase, urease, microbial biomass C, microbial biomass N, basal respiration, stromal induction respiration, organic matter, rapidly-available N and P. It accounted for75.815%and played important roles. Use soil integrated fertility index (IFI) as final evaluation standard of soil, the result showed soil health was not good in different stand ages Pinus massoniana forest.(2) Stand activity and health assessment of masson pine plantation. Used the method of functional key performance indication of composite structure, to build the stand’s vitality and healthy assessment indicator system of Pinus massoninana plantations, structured by3criteria-population vitality of Pinus massoninana, ecological health of vegetation type, and resistance vitality of stand, and14Index hierarchys affiliated. The diverse phases of cultivation of Pinus massoninana plantations in Hengshan Mountain was taken as sub-compartment samples to evaluate,15of which, with5distinct growing stages, were put in stand vitality and health assessments. The total stand’s vitality and healthy conditions of masson pine plantations are in a sub-healthy state. By using the principal component analysis method, it was obtained that pest and disease index, Shannon Wiener index, species richness and Stand flammable index were determined to be the vitality and health key factor for Pinus massoniana plantations.(3) Remote sensing monitoring of main diseases in masson pine plantation. Taking different health condition of pinus massoniana plantation in south as the research object, field survey Pestalotiopsis funerea Desm, measured the canopy spectral reflectance of the corresponding and chlorophyll content, the results indicate: the derivative spectra of Pinus massoniana could respond to the changes of the deasase and the chlorophyll content better than the original spectra, furthermore, the important indicatory region that described the healthy condition of vegetation was from the red light to the "red edge" in the near infrared region. When trees were under disease stress, the chlorophyll content decreased gradually and the" red valley" due to strong absorption of the chlorophyll content disappeared gradually in red light region with the severity of the disease aggravating. At the same time, the positions of the red edge displayed "blue shift" successively with the severity of disease aggravating, and the slope of the red edge decreased little by little. The pridciton accuracy of stepwise regression model built using red edge characteristic parameters that had better indicatory function of the disease and the chlorophyll content of Pinus massoniana was higher, which can be as a preferential model.(4) Biological control technique of soil health of masson pine plantation. Ecto-mycorrhizal fungi Tissue isolated and cultured,acquire Pure mycelium(cpy-2and cpy-4).They Belong to Suillus and Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Cooke et Couch. Isolate strains yL14has phosphorus solubilizing capability of the strains with the molybdenum blue spectrophotometry indicated that yL14showed stronger ability of dissolving phosphorus, yL14belonged to the genus Pseudomonas fulva. Its phosphate solubilization capacity was65.14mg/L. Ectomycorrhizal fungi cpy-2and cpy-4,phosphate-solubilizing bacteria yL14,potassium-releasing bacteria K50does not exist biological antagonistic relationship. Obvious synergies fermentation broth mixture. According to the volume of1:1:1:1mixed liquid culture fermentation liquid by volume1:10adsorbed on sterilization (peat:Bentonite:corn flour=3:2:2) mixed carrier adsorption treatment by agents:carrier the best ratio of1:10, made into a solid composite agents. The quality of the determination of composite agents,Quality indicators in the agents have reached the standard of the People’s Republic of China on the agricultural industry standard NY/T798-2004.Carried out with the compound microbial inoculant and chemical fertilizers in different proportions of Pinus massoniana seedlings. The results showed that:Microbial agents40%+chemical fertilizers60%is the best combination model,it can promote the growth of Pinus massoniana and improve the rhizosphere soil microecology.Seedling height increased by77.6%, ground diameter increase of38.7%, biomass increased by158.1%. Pinus massoniana rhizosphere microbes, also increased by79.3%,43.3%increase in soil organic matter, soil available nitrogen increased by21.42%,121.83%increase in soil available P, soil available K increased by48.38%.(5) Biological control of main pests in masson pine plantation. Dioryctria splendidella is a major pest of Pinus massoniana. Using the M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. ethanol extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella the bioactivities of the non-selective antifeedant effect, growth inhibition and contact toxicity were determined. The results showed that the bioactivities of three plant extracts against the larvae of Dioryctria splendidella increased with concentration. All indexes were comparatively good when the concentration was100g·L-1. The CTC was127.67with M. cordata, C. maxima peels and P. americana L. at ratio of1:1:1, which also had synergistic effect. The overall results indicated that the best mixture combination were C. maxima peels extracts and P. americana L. extracts at ratio of1:3,the CTC was170.02. Screening synergist, solvent and emulsifier of compound liquid of the three plants and measuring the effect of lab control and forest control, the botanical compound emulsion formula S2was finally determined:the three plant extracts was in volume ratio1:1:1, which accounted for30%, the synergist turpentine, the solvent DMSO and the emulsifier Secretary Ban-20accounted for5%,55%and10%, respectively.(6) Eological function Recovery of undergrowth vegetation in masson pine plantation. It was showed different stages of Pinus massoninana plantations investigation of108kinds of plants species,56families under91genera, in Zijin Mountain National Forest, Hengshan County, Hunan Province. It were established four vegetation restored mode in middle young growth of pinus massoniana plantation, respectively is Forest-fertilizer, Forest-medicine, and forest-grass and agroforestry mode.The number of bacterial populations of the agroforestry mode increased the highest to525.39×104cfu/g, and the effects of others were in the order of forest-medicine mode> forest-fertilizer(lespedeza davidii franch) mode> forest-grass mode> forest-fertilizer(Amorpha fruticcosa) mode.The number of actinomycetes populations which reached13.44×104cfu/g increased the highest in the forest-fertilizer(lespedeza davidii franch) mode, and the effects of others were in the order of forest-fertilizer (Amorpha fruticcosa) mode> forest-medicine mode>agroforestry mode> forest-grass mode. The content of total nitrogen and available nitrogen of both forest-fertilizer modes increased substantially with forest-fertilizer(lespedeza davidii franch) mode0.67g/kg and32.09mg/kg respectvely and forest-fertilizer (Amorpha fruticcosa) mode0.65g/kg and25.1mg/kg respectively. Forest-medicine, agroforestry and forest-grass modes had little effect on total nitrogen of soil.All the five modes could increase total potassium content of soil, and the highest increase was the forest-medicine mode and reached0.36g/kg.The increase of total nitrogen of soil in both forest-fertilizer modes was0.27g/kg(lespedeza davidii franch) and0.28g/kg(Amorpha fruticcosa), respectively, but the effects between them were not significant.The total nitrogen of soil in the forest-grass mode increased least to0.08g/kg.Compared with control plots, the effects of different restoration modes on growth of pine were more obvious.In4-year old plantation, the annual stem growth of each plant was two times more than that of plantation without restoration. The numerical value was small in10-year old plantation but also ranged from1.3to1.7times.The highest increase of annual stem growth of each plant was the forest-medicine mode.更多还原