【作者】 卢海平；

【导师】 刘伟奇；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学院研究生院（长春光学精密机械与物理研究所） ， 光学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 随着航天事业的迅猛发展，交会对接技术日益受到重视，交会对接技术是建立空间站的重要技术基础。在空间交会对接技术中，电视摄像机和靶标在人控交会对接任务中起着不可替代的作用，并且测量精度高以及能够自动调光的电视摄像机倍受青睐。由于航天产品试验的独特性，无法将摄像机送入太空中进行成像等各种试验，非常有必要在地面上建立模拟设备实时模拟空间目标位置、姿态和光照环境。空间目标视景模拟的技术难点：空间目标的亮度高达38866cd/m~2，若采用全物理仿真技术则需要30万瓦的太阳模拟器照射，同时还要实现太空黑背景的环境模拟；若采用投影模拟技术，则需要110万流明的投影机。这些在客观上都是难以实现。本文提出了仅用几瓦的照明光源的模拟方案能够有效地解决目前地面上无法模拟空间光照环境下目标成像的难题。论文采用微显示器LCD作为空间目标视景发生器，用LED作为照明光源，通过特殊的光学系统，将亮度与视景图像耦合到待测摄像机中，从而实现空间目标的视景模拟。基于本方案，需要分析空间目标及周围光照环境的变化，以及设计用于照明的非成像光学系统以及用于成像的成像光学系统。为了达到小型化的空间目标视景模拟器要求，完成了以白光LED做为光源的照明光学系统设计，并优化与仿真分析在光阀处的照度均匀性，不均匀度小于10%。提出采用衰减片以及控制LED电流两种方法并用，相互配合的方法来实现空间目标大范围亮度变化的模拟。根据交会对接摄像机特点，需要设计两路光学系统：宽视场以及窄视场。每一路均设计成二次成像及远心光路的光学系统，并对像差进行了优化分析，最终成像质量能够达到空间目标视景模拟器成像光学系统要求。建立视景模拟器与摄像机的匹配模型，进行了光学追迹以及像面照度分析，在焦面上的照度实现非常好的均匀性。最后完成了窄视场模拟器的原理样机，并对其进行各种主要性能的测试，均能够满足设计要求。本文的主要创新点：（1）提出“高亮LCD与光学成像相结合的方法”实现空间目标的模拟，从根本上解决了常规模拟方案无法实现的技术难题。（2）分析目标亮度与黑背景的对应关系，提出了CCD动态范围决定LCD对比度的选取，从而解决了黑背景模拟问题。（3）采用LCD背光源光通量的动态变化，解决了LCD自身灰阶范围难于覆盖大亮度变化范围的问题，实现目标大亮度动态范围模拟。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of the aerospace industry, the rendezvous anddocking technology are increasingly important.The rendezvous and dockingtechnology is an important technical basis of building a space station. Televisioncameras has become widely accepted in space rendezvous and dockingtechnology.Television cameras and the target plays an irreplaceable role in the manualcontrol rendezvous and docking mission, due to the high precision of measurementand auto-adjusting in large irradiance range.Due to the particularity of the spaceexperiment, the camera can’t be tested in space, it is necessary to simulate thereal-time space targets imaging and optical conditions on the ground to test thetelevision cameras, as well as the rendezvous and docking technology.The specific technical difficulties of the space target visual simulator is: thebrightness of the space target is required up to38866cd/m~2, and if using the physicalsimulation technology, it needs300000W solar simulator, meanwhile the spaceenvironment simulation of the black background also need to be achieved; if using thetarget projection simulation, you will need1.1million lumens projector. these aredifficult to achieve objectively. In this thesis, a program using a few watts ofillumination light source has been proposed, that can effectively solve the problemthat target imaging can’t be simulated in the light environments of space on theground.In this program, using micro-display LCD as visual generator of spatial targetsand using LED as an light source, both the image of the targets and the brightnesswith them is coupled to the tested camera through a special optical system, and thenthe visual simulation of the spatial targets can be achieved. Base on this program, thechanges of the brightness of spatial targets and their light environments must beanalyzed; the non-imaging optical system of illumination and the imaging optical system also must be designed.In order to achieve the goal of miniaturization of the simulator, design theillumination optical system based on white LED, and optimize simulate and analysisthe illumination uniformity at the light valve, less than10%.Introduce the methodincluding using attenuators and controlling LED current To simulate the wide rangeof brightness variations.In allusion to characteristic of the camera, need designing two optical system: bigfield of view and narrow field of view optical system.Every system has been designedto the secondary imaging telecentric optical system, optimize the system,finally imagequality meet the requirement of imaging optical system of spatial target visualsimulator. Model the combination of the spatial camera and simulator, tracke opticalrays and analysis of the image plane illuminance, the illuminance in the focal plane ofthe spatial camera achieve a very good uniformity. In the end, a prototype of thenarrow field of view simulator has been completed and its’performance has beentested.it meets the requirements of design.The main innovation points of this thesis are:(1)"The method of combininghighlighted LCD with optical imaging” is proposed to achieve the simulation of thespatial targets. This method can fundamentally solve the technical problems which theconventional simulation programs can’t achieve.(2)The correspondence between thebrightness of the objectives and black background has been analyzed, and for solvingthe problem of the black background simulation, it also be proposed that the CCDdynamic range determines the selection of micro-display contrast.(3)The dynamicchanges of luminous flux of the micro-display have been utilized to solve the problemthat the micro-display grayscale range is difficult to cover the range of brightnessvariations, and the simulation of the big dynamic range for targets’ brightness has alsobeen achieved.更多还原