【作者】 祝建军；

【导师】 蒲云；

【作者基本信息】 西南交通大学 ， 交通运输规划与管理， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 传统的城市交通建设与管理工作往往是被动地适应交通需求总量的增长,而没有系统地考虑城市形态、人口规模、经济发展水平、土地利用布局、资源合理利用、环境保护与城市综合交通运输系统之间的相互影响关系,忽视了交通需求与供给之间的耦合与平衡,使得交通效率低下,交通需求的增长缺乏有序性,交通供给增长缺乏有效性。在新的城市交通规划和交通管理过程中,若能够把城市交通效率最大化作为系统的优化目标,既考虑出行总阻抗目标,同时将出行能耗和污染物排放等指标纳入优化目标,则在整个城市交通系统优化过程中将能够更好地反映土地布局、资源消耗、环境保护与城市交通系统的动态关系,满足城市交通系统的社会效益最大化目标。基于此,本文按照城市交通运输系统可持续发展思路,从城市道路交通运输系统供需关系入手,深入研究交通效率目标下如何进行城市土地利用形态、城市道路路网优化布局和交通结构优化等问题,建立基于交通效率的城市道路交通系统优化理论和方法,以期通过研究,探索建立以人为本、高效运行、和谐发展的城市道路交通系统,并以此创新城市交通规划和管理的新思路、新方法,最终缓解或彻底解决城市交通拥堵问题、环境污染问题以及能源节约问题。主要研究内容如下：(1)首先在对大量相关文献进行总结的基础上,从城市交通问题的产生出发,回顾了当前国内外有关城市交通运输系统、城市交通效率、城市交通结构和土地利用关系等相关研究成果,并指出决定城市交通效率的最主要影响因素包括三个方面：土地利用形态、道路网络布局和交通结构。(2)介绍了城市道路交通系统的结构和特点,重点分析城市道路交通资源的分类、构成、特征和配置层次等基本理论,指出城市交通运输需求的新特性,对城市交通运输量预测和道路交通运输供给进行了研究分析。对城市道路交通系统中的交通效率内涵重新界定,提出了一般意义上度量交通效率的标准和方法,并以交通效率优化思想贯穿整篇论文,各有侧重地为基于交通效率的城市道路交通系统优化的手段和方法提供思想指导和理论依据。(3)从城市道路交通与上地利用布局形态之间的协调关系入手,研究了多中心组团式布局的城市道路交通及其交通效率的度量方法,构建了基于交通效率最大化的城市用地布局模型,并提出利用遗传模拟退火算法对模型进行求解。将道路交通总出行时耗、污染物排放和能源消耗等因素确定为组团式城市空间内道路交通效率的衡量指标,以广义费用最小化作为目标函数值,引入经济转化系数,将交通污染物排放和能源消耗直接作为土地利用形态优化的目标之一,以此构建了改进的土地利用优化模型,并提出相应的求解算法和算例分析。(4)分析传统城市道路路网布局优化问题的常用建模方法,指出这些路网布局方法存在的局限性,介绍了典型的城市道路网络双层规划模型,提出了基于交通效率最大化为目标的城市道路路网布局优化方法和双层规划模型。这种优化方法既能满足不同层次的绿色交通出行需求,也能实现城市土地、燃料等资源节约以及改善城市人居环境等目标,体现了城市道路交通可持续发展的规划思想,为解决城市道路交通结构不合理和交通拥堵等问题提供了新的思路和方法。(5)指出传统的道路交通结构优化思想存在的不足,将城市交通环境污染成本和能源消耗费用影响指标纳入系统目标函数中,考虑影响城市交通出行者交通选择的主要因素,针对混合交通特点构造了路段阻抗函数,按照随机用户平衡原则,建立了基于交通效率的城市道路交通结构优化模型,并通过算例进行分析。更多还原

【Abstract】 The traditional construction and management of urban transportation is often passively adapted to the growth of total traffic demand. Because of the lack of system considering urban form, population scale, level of economics development, land-use distribution, rational allocation of resources, relationship between environmental protection and urban transportation system, and ignoring the balance of traffic demand and supply, all of these factors resulted in low traffic efficiency, lack of order of the traffic demand and the effectiveness of traffic supply.In the new process of urban transport planning and traffic management, if we take the maximization of urban traffic efficiency as the goal of urban transportation system optimization, and the total impedance, the energy consumption and pollutant emissions are all considered as objectives, that the dynamic relationship of urban transportation system and the distribution of land-use, the resource consumption, the environment protection, can be reflected to meet the objective of maximization of social and economics benefits.Based on these, in accordance with the sustainable development ideas of urban transport system, starting from the relationship between supply and demands of urban road transportation system, the optimization problems of urban land-use patterns, the allocation of urban road network and urban traffic structure were analyzed. Then the optimization theory and methods of urban road traffic system based on traffic efficiency were established in the dissertation, which exploring the establishment of the people-oriented, efficient operation, the harmonious development of urban transportation system, including a number of properties. Thus the innovation of the new ideas and methods in urban transport planning and management were produced, the study can eventually alleviate or completely solve the problem of urban traffic congestion, air pollution and energy saving etc.The main contents are as follows:Firstly, based on a large number of summaries of reference, we analyzed the causes of modern urban transport problems, and reviewed the current domestic and foreign urban transport system, urban traffic efficiency, the relation of urban traffic structure and land-use form. The major factors of urban traffic efficiency are pointed out, including:land-use form, road network layout and traffic structure.Secondly, the structure and features of urban road traffic system are analyzed in this dissertation, and the basic theories of classification, composition, characteristics and allocation levels of urban road traffic resources were put forward. In addition, the forecast of urban transport amount and road traffic supply were discussed. Then the definition and measurement of traffic efficiency were proposed, which provide the means and methods to optimize urban road transportation system.Thirdly, we built the optimization models of the multi-center&group-layout urban land-use form, and proposed the genetic simulated annealing algorithm to solve the models. In this dissertation, the total time of road traffic consumption, pollutant emissions and energy consumption were taken as measuring indexes of traffic efficiency of multi-center&group-layout urban road traffic system. And the generalized cost is the objective function value, with the introduction of economic conversion factor. Based on this, the road traffic pollutant emissions and energy consumption are taken as the one of the goals in the optimization models, in order to develop the improved land-use form optimization models, and the corresponding algorithm and example analysis were put forward.Fourthly, base on the analysis of traditional urban road network optimization models, we pointed out the limitations of these existing models and methods, and introduced typical Bi-level programming models of urban road network. Then the optimization methods and Bi-level programming models were put forward based on the objective of traffic efficiency maximization. This optimization method can meet the different levels of green transportation travel demand, but also to achieve other goals, such as improving urban land-use, resource conservation, environmental protection and urban living environment. All of these reflected the sustainable development of urban road traffic planning ideas, and provided a new way of thinking and methods to solve the problems of irrational urban traffic structure and urban traffic congestion.Fifth, after studying the shortcomings of traditional urban traffic structure optimization, we took the traffic pollution costs and energy consumption costs into the objective function of optimization models. Considering the major impact factors of urban transport trips, we built the road integrated impedance function and the optimization models of urban road traffic structure based on traffic efficiency, in accordance with the mixed road traffic characteristics and the principle of stochastic user equilibrium.更多还原