改革开放以来中国共产党的农民物质利益思想研究

【作者】 孙迪亮；

【导师】 李安增；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 马克思主义中国化研究， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 物质利益是经济利益的首要内容和主要组成部分，其測度指标具有多元性，其中最常用、最主要的指标是生活水平指标，一般用人均收入水平的增K率来苻代。具体到农民的物质利益，一般也用农民的收入水平和物质生活水平来衡量。改芊开放以来，中国共产党在领导农W改革发展的长期实践中，对农民物质利益问题一贯予以高度重视和努力解决，并在此基础上形成了丰富的农民物质利益思想。改革开放以来中国共产党的农民物质利益思想，既蕴含着许多基于新的实践而生成的新理念、新观点，从而体现出其现实创新性，也承接了古今中外许多有价值的相关思想理论，从而体现出其历史继承性。中国共产党农民物质利益思想的理论渊源表现为两个基本方面一：是马克思主义经典作家的农民物质利益理论，主要包括加强农业基础地位的理论、实现;r农结合与城乡协调的理论、H家对农民予以经济资助的理论、促进农民合作化的理论等；二是国外解决农民物质利益问题的理论与经验，主要体现在支持和保护农业发展，强化农村基础设施建设、改造传统农民、积极发展农民合作经济组织等方面。自改革开放至今，中国共产党的农民物质利益思想是R趋深化、与时俱进的：为了解除广大农民生活上的严重困苦，屮国共产党在上世纪八十年代形成了以保障农民温饱为主旨的农民物质利益思想；随着农村脱贫目标的基本完成和农民温饱问题的基本解决，中国共产党在上世纪九十年代形成了以实现农民小康为主旨的农民物质利益思想；鉴于农民小康总体实现后农民贫富差距的空前凸现，中国共产党自本世纪以来形成了以ia求农民共富为主旨的农民物质利益思想。在每一时段，中国共产党都采取了一些行之有效的相应举措。中M共产党农民物质利益思想的基本内容概括为两个方面：一是关于农民物质利益的战略价值的思想，解答了"为什么"实现农民物质利益的问题；二是关于农民物质利益的实现路径的思想，解答了"怎么样"实现农民物顶利益的问题。关于农民物质利益的战略价iff，中国共产党的认识是多角度、多层面的，视之为促进国民经济发展的重要动力、巩固党的执政地位的根本保障、维护全H社会稳定的物质基础，彰显社会主义优越性的关键环节和应对国际人权斗争的必然举措。关于农民物质利益的实现铬径，屮国共产党的基本思路是"加减并用"。所谓"加"，即拓宽农民增收渠道、提升农民收入总量，这主要依赖于推进新农村建设、加快农业现代化和转移农村剩余劳动力等三个途径：所谓"减"，即减轻农^负担。对中国共产党农民物质利益思想的评析应恪守求真务实的基本原则、不带任何主观偏见地进行，既不应为之涂脂抹粉，更不应对之无端指责，而是应当在充分肯定其历史功绩的前提下，实事求是地指出其不足与局限，并就此进行善意而中肯的建言献策。毋庸置疑，中国共产党的农民物质利益思想不仅在理论上实现了重大创新，而且在实践上带来了良好效应。但由于在中国这样一个经济文化都相对落后的农民大国里，彻底解决九亿农民的物质利益问题确非易事，因而表现在中国共产党的农民物质利益思想上，也总是闪露出一些不足与缺憾，主要是：从思想的生成上看，应急性有汆而前瞻性不足；从思想的内涵上着，针对性有余而系统性不足：从思想的践行上看，宣示性有余而实效性不足。鉴于此，在末来的发展完善中，理应重点强化三个环节，即：及时体察农民的利益关切，增强思想的前瞻性；全面应答农民的利益诉求，增强思想的系统性；强力构筑农民的利益保障，增强思想的实效性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The material interests are the most important content and the main part of the economicinteersts. The measurement indices of the material interests are diverse, in which the mostcommonly used and important one is living standard which is otfen symbolized by per capitaincome growth rate. As far as farmers’ material interests are concerned, their income level andmateiral living standard otfen act as the measure. Since the erform and opening up, OieCommunist Party of China has been attaching great importance to farmers’ mateiral interests inthe long-term practice of rural erofrm and development. Besides, a porfound thought on farmers’mateiral interests has formed on this basis.Since the reform and opening up, CPC’s thought on farmers’ material interests not onlypossesses new concepts and new ideas generated in new practice, which reflects innovativeness,but aJso inherits a lot of valuable ideology and theory rfom ancient times to now home andabroad, which reflects historical inheritance. Theoretical origin of CPC’s thought on farmedmaterial interests is shown in the following two basic aspects: one is the theory of farmers’mateiral interests rfom the classic of Marxism wirters; the other is the theory and expeirence ofsolving farmers’ mateiral interests problems abroad. The former aspect mainly includes theory ofstrengthening the fundamental position of agriculture, theory of combining workers and peasantsand coordinating urban and rural areas, theory of giving financial assistance to farmers andtheory of promoting fanners’ cooperation. The latter aspect includes suppotring and protectingagircultural development, strengthening construction of rural infrastructure, transformingtraditional farmers and actively developing rural cooperatives and so on.Since the reform and opening up, CPC’s thought on farmers’ material interests isincreasingly deepened and advancing with the times. In order to solve the seirous living hardshipof the majoirty of farmers, in the1980s, CPC generated thought to guarantee farmers adequatefood and clothing. With basic accomplishment of abolishing povetry in rural areas and solution’of meeting farmers adequate food and clothing need, in the1990s, CPC generated thought toachieve farmers1well-off state. Consideirng that wealth gaps among farmers are apparentlyshown atfer achieving farmers’ well-off state, CPC has genearted thought to pursue farmers’common prospeirty since the curernt century. In each peirod, CPC has adopted effectivemeasures.The basic content of CPC’s thought on farmers’ material inteersts can be generalized into two aspects: one is the thought on strategic value of farmers’ mateiral interests,which answerswhy to realize fanriers’ material interests. The other is the thought on paths of realizing farmers’’mateiral inteersts,which answers how to realize farmers mateiral interests. CPC’s understandingof startegic value of farmer;’ material interests is rfom vairous aspects. The strategic value isregarded as an important driving force of promoting national economic development, thefundamental guarantee of consolidating the party’s ruling position, the mateira] basis ofsafeguarding social stability, the key segment of highlighting socialist supeirority and theinevitable measure of tacklin’g the intenrational struggle for human irghts, CPCs basic idea onthe path to realize fanners圍material inteersts is "addition"and "reduction"."Addition" is toexpand channels of increasing fanners’ income and to enhance farmers’ total income,which canbe attained mainly by advancing construction of new rural areas, speeding up agirculturalmodernization and tarnsferring rural surplus laborers. The so-called "reduction" is to reducefarmers*burdens.Th’e assessment of CPCs thought on farmers’ material interests should abide by the basicprinciple of pragmatic, should be carried out without any subjective bias-Neither should theassessment be whitewashed, nor should it be falsely accused. The assessment should fully aiffrmits historical achievements, truly point out the shortcomings and limitations, and offer petrinentsuggestions. Doubtlessly, CPC’s thought on farmers1material interests not only makes geratinnovation in theory but also brings a good effect in practice. However, to completely solve theproblems of the material interests of900million farmers is a difficult task in the economicaJlyand cuIturaHy backward China wheer farmers make up the majoirty. Therefore, there are alwaysshortcomings in CPC’s thought on fanners’ material interests. From the geneiation of thoughtperspective, it can fully deal with emergencies but lacks forward planning; rfom the connotationof thought perspective, it is well targeted enough but not systematic; from the implementing ofthought perspectivev, it is declaratory enough but not effective. Gien that, three aspects shouldbe strengthened in future development and improvement. First, farmers’ inteersts and concernsshould be timely observed to be moer forward-looking. Second^fanners1interests appeal shouldbe comprehensively responded to ot be more systematic. Third, farmers1interests should beforcedly safeguarded to be moer effective.更多还原