人际互动中心理理论的认知神经机制

【作者】 郑玉玮；

【导师】 沈德立； 王益文；

【作者基本信息】 天津师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 最近30年,学者们对个体理解自己和他人的愿望、意图和信念并据此解释和预测他人行为的能力一直很感兴趣。这种能力被称为心理理论。“心理理论”就是指个体理解自己和他人的愿望、信念、意图等心理状态并据此推测他人的行为。理解他人心理并进行人际互动是人类交往的认知基础,心理互动在社会生活中具有关键作用。心理理论是一项复杂的认知功能,它需要整合来自多方面的信息。迄今为止,发展心理学家对心理理论进行了全面详尽的研究,神经科学对人类此重要能力的研究最近这些年才逐渐受到重视。以空间分辨率见长的PET和fMRI技术已经逐步揭示了心理理论的神经基础,但是,较低的时间分辨率使得PET和fMRI无法精确阐明完成心理理论任务时大脑动态加工的时间过程。探查心理理论的动态加工过程有着重要的科学意义。本学位论文的实验部分包括4项研究：研究一考察了个体理解自己信念与朋友信念的差异；研究二考察了个体自身的情绪状态如何影响个体解码他人情绪；研究三考察了个体解读他人心理与解读互动心理眼动方面的差异；研究四考察了个体解读他人心理与解读互动心理的动态加工过程的差异。所得结论概况如下：第一,本实验采用ERP技术,分析个体在加工自我信念与朋友信念时所诱发ERP波幅的差异,从而探查其在加工时程上的差异。结果发现,刺激呈现后200-300ms,理解自己条件下的波幅显著小于理解朋友。在300-400ms,不仅发现理解自己条件下的波幅显著小于理解朋友,而且发现外表判断的波幅显著小于信念判断。这些结果表明,个体解读自我信念和朋友信念具有不同的加工时程。第二,本实验采用眼睛图片,利用ERP技术来研究个体自身情绪状态影响解码他人情绪的加工时程。结果发现,个体负性情绪诱发的N270波幅比正性情绪要大。同时,相比处于负性情绪状态,处于正性情绪状态的被试在解码他人负性情绪时引发了更大的N270波幅。其后,个体负性情绪诱发的LPP波幅比正性情绪要大。第三,本实验采用“物理成语”、“单人成语”和“互动成语”等三类成语,利用眼动技术研究了个体解读单个他人心理和解读互动心理的加工时程。结果发现,三类成语第二字的总注视时间有差异,单人心理成语显著比物理表征成语长,互动心理成语与物理表征成语的差异达到边缘显著,而单人心理成语与互动心理成语的差异不显著。这表明,在对成语第二字的总加工过程中,个体区分了心理加工与非心理加工。同时我们还发现,三类成语离开成语前三字前的所有注视时间有差异,互动心理成语显著比单人心理成语长,互动心理成语与物理表征成语的差异达到边缘显著,而单人心理成语与物理表征成语的差异不显著。这表明,在对成语前三字的加工过程中,个体已经能够将解读互动心理与解读单人心理区分开。第四,本实验采用“物理成语”、“单人成语”和“互动成语”等三类成语,利用ERP技术研究了个体解读单个他人心理和解读互动心理的加工时程。结果发现,在500-700ms间,在额区,解读单人心理和解读互动心理的晚期正成分波幅比物理表征任务的更正,而解读单人心理与解读互动心理的波幅差异不显著。这就是说,有一个额区晚期正成分与解读单人心理和解读互动心理都有关。在700-800ms间,在额中央区,解读互动心理的波幅比解读单人心理和物理表征任务的都正,而解读单人心理与物理表征任务的波幅差异不显著。这就是说,有一个额中央区的晚期正成分只与解读互动心理有关。综上所述,本学位论文的系列研究深入考察了人际互动过程中心理理论加工的动态加工过程,为揭示心理理论加工的时程提供了电生理学证据。更多还原

【Abstract】 For the last three decades there has been a continuous interest in humans’ability to impute mental states, such as desires, intentions or beliefs to themselves and others in order to predict or explain their behavior. Such ability has been traditionally viewed as requiring a theory of mind(ToM). ToM refers to understanding other’s mental states, such as desire, belief, intention, and so on, in order to predict other’s behaviors. Understanding other’s mind and interacting minds are the cognitive basis of successful social interactions and it plays a crucial role in human’s social activities. ToM is a complex cognitive function that requires integration of information from many sources. Although TOM has been thoroughly investigated by developmental psychologists, the neuroscience of this important ability has only recently begun to receive serious attention. Although many of the PET and fMRI studies have provided many important results to explore the brain mechanism of TOM, the time course of cortical activation could not be precisely studied by use of these technologies. However, the methods of event-related potentials (ERPs) recordings can provide critical temporal information for analyzing the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive processes. It has important scientific significance to investigate the dynamic process of the interacting minds.The experimental studies of the present dissertation consist of four studies. Study one investigated brain electrophysiological activities associated with mentalizing about self and friend’s belief. Study two explored the temporal course of the affective states’ impact on the decoding other’s emotion in the eyes. Study three used eye-movement technique to explore the processing of process of reading another’s mind and reading the interactive mind. Study four explored the dissociative electrophysiological correlates between reading another’s mind and reading the interactive mind. The four conclusions are drawn as follows.1. The present study used belief questions to investigate brain electrophysiological activities associated with mentalizing about self and friend’s belief. The result showed in200-400ms, the mean amplitudes for friend condition were larger than for self condition. In300-400ms, the mean amplitudes over frontal-central for belief condition were larger than for appearance condition. In400-500ms, the mean amplitudes over parietal for friend condition were larger than for self condition. These findings demonstrate that distinct cognitive representations of self and friend extend along many dimensions of self and other processing:from person perception to belief understanding.2. The present study used event-related potentials to assess the temporal dynamic of the impact of affective states on decoding other’s emotion. The result showed, the N270amplitude was larger for the negative affective state than for the positive affective state. At the same time, the N270was larger for negative emotion in eyes after observing the positive affective picture elicited than after observing the negative affective picture, bur not for the positive emotion in eyes. Thereafter, the LPP amplitude was larger for the negative affective state than for the positive affective state.3. The present study used three types of Chinese four-character idioms-physical idioms, single person idioms and interactive idioms-and eye-movement technique to explore the processing of process of reading another’s mind and reading the interactive mind. The result showed that the total reading times of the second character in single person idioms were longer than in physical idioms. Furthermore, the gaze durations of the first three characters in interactive idioms were longer than in both physical idioms and single person idioms. The above results suggest that individuals can distinguish mental processing from non-mental processing when they read the second character in idioms and can distinguish understanding the single mind from understanding the interactive mind when they read the first three characters in idioms.4. The present study used three types of Chinese four-character idioms-physical idioms, single person idioms and interactive idioms-to explore the dissociative electrophysiological correlates between reading another’s mind and reading the interactive mind. The result showed in the500-to700-ms epoch, the mean amplitudes of LSW over frontal-central for physical representation significantly lower than for reading other’s mind and reading interactive mind, while there was no difference between the latter two. That is, there was a frontal-central LSW associated with both reading other’s mind and reading interactive mind. In the700-to800-ms epoch, the mean amplitudes of LSW for reading interactive mind was more positive than for reading other’s mind and physical representation, while there was no difference between the latter two. That is, a LSW was observed for explicit reading interactive mind only.To sum up, the present dissertation examines the dynamic process of theory of mind and provied electrophysiological evidence for the theory of mind processing.更多还原