【作者】 郝兆杰；

【导师】 汪基德；

【作者基本信息】 河南大学 ， 教育学原理， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 教育是关乎人的事业，对人的关注是教育的应有之义。教育技术是教育的技术或教育中的技术，属于教育的下位范畴，因此，以促进人的发展为最终旨归也是教育技术的必然逻辑。随着以“以人为本”为核心内容的科学发展观的提出，以人为本已然成为当今社会处理经济、政治、技术、环境等各种矛盾或冲突时的基本价值取向。然而教育技术现实发展中却存在着诸多“见物不见人”的现象，学术研究的旨趣也聚焦于技术的开发或应用。近年虽有一些学者在技术的生境中倡导人文关怀，但反思者众、批判者多，多数研究仅仅是揭示问题以警醒世人，或止步于一般性的呐喊呼吁，却鲜有研究真正将人文关怀落实到现实而具体的教育技术实践中。基于此，本文开展了“以人为本”的教育技术价值取向研究，以马克思主义人学、技术哲学、价值哲学为立论依据，系统探讨主体处理教育技术矛盾、冲突、关系的基本价值取向，以及如何将该意识形态落实至教育技术实践中的问题。论文从时代发展背景、学科发展背景、个人专业发展背景三个方面阐述研究缘起，并指明研究目标、研究意义、研究思想、研究方法及理论基础。论文系统梳理国内外教育技术领域关于“价值、价值取向、人文关怀、教育技术异化”等研究成果，总结已有研究的特点与不足，并对本研究的核心概念进行界定。在教育技术领域，以人为本的对立面是以技术为本。论文从教育信息化建设、人才培养和评价、教育媒体制作、教育技术应用、教育技术学研究等方面剖析了技术化价值取向的现实表现，并从教育技术观、工具理性的强势、教育技术的技术属性、教育技术实践传统、教育技术主体等方面剖析技术化价值取向产生的原因。“以人为本”的教育技术价值取向并非一个不辨自明的命题。论文从教育技术的学科定位、教育技术实践中的主客体关系、技术化价值取向的负面影响、国家中长期教育改革与发展规划纲要（2010-2020）对教育信息化的时代要求、教育技术的价值负荷特性等五个方面，指明教育技术应该“以人为本”，从学理层面确立教育技术以人为本的价值取向。人是自然性、社会性、发展性和实践性的统一。教育技术对人之四种属性的发展具有一定程度的满足功能的同时，也具有一定的异化作用。教育技术对人之属性的满足奠定了其存在的价值，而对人之属性的异化则侧证了本研究的必要性。对教育技术与人之属性关系的辨证分析，为教育技术究竟以人的“什么”为本指明方向。教育技术以人为本的价值取向要全面关照人之四重生命，充分发挥其对人之四重生命的满足功能，弱化或消解其对人之四重属性的异化作用，最大程度地促进人的发展。AECT’94定义体系中的五个范畴（设计、开发、利用、管理、评价）为以人为本的价值取向指导教育技术现实实践提供了切入点。以人为本的“设计”要求设计主体树立以人为本的设计理念，设计硬件时遵循人体工程学，数字化教学资源设计时遵循媒体特性、学习者特征，并将信息道德、情感教育、信息卫生学等知识融进教育技术产品的设计方案中。以人为本的“开发”要求开发者抛弃“炫技”倾向，以教育性为教育技术产品的首要追求；要求开发者充分理解良好设计方案中的设计意图，通过技术手段将其完整地体现在教育技术产品中；要求开发者与设计师、学科专家之间形成良好的协商机制，充分发挥“人”的作用；要求要加强用户的“试用”环节，以获取产品修改、完善的第一手信息。以人为本的“利用”要求使用者树立“育人为本”的技术使用观、树立教学媒体适度运用意识；要求教育资源拥有者注重对资源及成功应用案例的推广宣传；要求发挥主体主观能动性，注重对教育媒体进行二次设计；要求使用者关注学习者的教育技术使用体验，并要落实“信息道德”、“信息卫生”教育。以人为本的“管理”要求落实以人为本思想，回归教育技术管理的本真；要求注重“人件”培训，提升“人件”培训质量；要求制定专业制度规范和伦理道德规范，以形成教育技术行业的约束机制。以人为本的“评价”要求树立“以人为本”的教育技术评价观，将“以人为本”思想融入至具体的“评价指标”中，同时要加强对技术应用过程的评价并保证评价主体多元化。更多还原

【Abstract】 Education is an industry concerning human,so it should pay close attention to human as its originalduty and obligation.Educational technology is the technology of education or can be understood as thetechnology in education,and it is a sub-category of education.Therefore,the inevitable logic of educationaltechnology is to promote the development of human beings as its ultimate goal.It’s known that the conceptof Scientific Development was proposed,and its core is“Human Orientation”.The“HumanOrientation”has becoming the value orientation when people tackle all kinds of social conflicts,such as theproblem on economy,the issue on politics and so on.However,there exists one phenomenon that it is“focusing on technology rather than people”in the field of educational technology,and the academicresearch of many experts is concentrated on the exploit or the application of technology.In recent years,there are some scholars who advocate human care in the process of developing technology,but most ofthem are just reflecting and criticizing.And most of the research merely reveal some problems to alertpeople,or stop at the general shout of appeal,yet few people really put“humanistic concern”into therealistic practice of educational technology.Based on the above,this paper makes a research onhuman-oriented value in educational technology,and the theoretical foundation of the research is the theoryof Maxism anthropology,the theory of technological philosophy and the theory of value philosophy.In thispaper,the author systematically discusses the basic value orientation when dealing with contradictions,conflicts and the relationship in educational technology,and the issue of putting the ideology in the practiceof educational technology is discussed as well.Starting with the background of the times development,the subject development and the personalprofessional development,this paper expounds the research origin,and points out the research objective,the research significance,research ideas,research method and the theoretical basis.And in this paper,theauthor systematically makes a summary of the research achievements on“value,value orientation,humanistic care and the alienation of educational technology”in the field of educational technology athome and abroad.On the basis of the existing research,the characteristics and shortcomings are alsosummarized.And the most important is that the definitions of key terms in this research are given.In the field of educational technology,human orientation and technology orientation are a pair ofrivals.In this paper the author analyzes some real characteristics shown by the technical value orientationfrom the following aspects：the construction of educational informationization,the cultivation and evaluation of talents,the production of educational media,the application of educational technology andthe research on educational technology.As well,this paper makes an analysis of the reasons why thetechnical value orientation come into being from the following aspects:the educational technology view,the strength of instrument rationality,the technical attribute of educational technology,the practicaltradition of educational technology,the subject of educational technology and so on.“Human-oriented”value orientation of educational technology is not an identified self-evidentpremise.This paper indicates that educational technology should be human-oriented from the followingfive aspects:the discipline orientation of educational technology,the subject-object relation in the practiceof educational technology,the negative impact of technology value orientation,the times requirement ofeducational informationization posed by the Middle-Long Educational Reform and Development PlanningOutline of Our Country(2010-2020),and the value-loaded features of educational technology.And from thedoctrinal level,the author reckons that educational technology should be human-oriented.It is known that human beings are the unity with the natural,social developmental and practicalattributes.To an extent,educational technology can facilitate the development of the four attributes ofmankind,but sometimes it may make the attributes alienated.The fact that educational technology can helpdevelop the four attributes lays a foundation for its existence.However,educational technology may hinderthe attributes of human beings,which proves the necessity of this research.The dialectical analysis of therelationship between educational technology and human attributes gives the direction to educationaltechology:what should it be oriented concerning human beings.Human-oriented value of educationaltechnology should care the four attributes of human beings,fully fulfil its facilitating function towards thefour attributes,weaken or eliminate the hindering influence on the man attributes,and then promote thedevelopment of human beings as much as possible.The five categories in the AECT’94defined system(design,development,utilization,management,evaluation)provides an entry point for realistic practice in the educational technology guided byhuman-oriented value orientation.The"human-oriented design"requires that disigners should have thedesign concept of human-orientation,designing hardware should follow the human engineering,designingdigital educational software should follow the features of media,characteristics of learners,and integrateinformation ethics,emotional education，information hygiene and other aspects of knowledge into thesystem of educational technology knowledge.The"human-oriented development"requires that the developer should discard the showing-off tendency,and consider the edutainment as the principal pursuit.The developer should clearly understand the intent of design proposal,and achieve it by using moderntechnical means.The consultation mechanism should be built between the developer,the designer and theSubject Matter Expert.The users’trial link shoud be reinforced to obtain first-hand information formodifying and improving the products.The"human-oriented utilization"should set up the technologyapplication view of“educating people oriented”,should establish the principle of using instructional mediamoderately,should pay attention to the promotion and publicity of the digital instructional resouce and thesuccessful case,should pay more attention to the secondary design of the digital instructional resouce,should concern the experience of educational technology application,and should carry out the informationethics education and information hygiene education.The"human-oriented management"shouldimplement the human-oriented thought,back to the origin of management,should enhance the trainingquality of Human-Ware,and should make industry standards and moral norms to form the commitmentmechanisms.The"human-oriented evaluation"should integrate the thought of human-orientation into thespecific evaluation index,reinforce the assessment of applying technology process,and ensure thediversification of evaluation subjects.更多还原