【作者】 陈玮；

【导师】 宗喀·漾正冈布；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 民族学， 2011， 博士

【摘要】 色科寺在藏传佛教史上极负盛名,历史上格鲁派将其列入“黄河以北的四大名寺”和“湟水北岸四大名寺”；其声名不但覆盖整个藏区,而且远播内外蒙古及新疆地区。作为海藏咽喉的佛教圣地和重镇,在清代和民国时期中央治理蒙藏方略中具有重要的政治作用,寺主活佛敏珠尔为青海驻京七大呼图克图之一,其地位仅次于章嘉呼图克图。但随着社会、经济与历史的发展,色科寺在当代社会中的宗教与政治地位已大不如前,处于相对式微状态。由此,研究色科寺的历史及现状,探索这座藏传佛教名刹几度兴衰的历史轨迹,不但可以窥见清代和民国时期中央治理蒙藏的政策、措施及其变迁与得失,更可分析其当代处于式微的原因与逻辑,从而为我们制定科学合理的治藏、治青政策,加强、提高藏区乃至整个少数民族地区社会管理的水平、妥善处理民族宗教问题提供深刻的历史借鉴；此外,也可为藏传佛教史、青海民族关系史和地方史研究提供参考。基于此,本研究通过汉、藏文史资料的挖掘、整理、梳理,结合田野调查与访谈,在勾勒色科寺历史发展、文化变迁的轨迹与脉络之基础上,以创建及兴衰为逻辑主线,研究了其所处地域的地理特征、寺院组织与管理系统、活佛系统、经院教育体系、寺院经济与佛事活动、宗教艺术,探讨了色科寺与所属“九寺五族”、与中央及地方政府、与卫藏和蒙古人、与周边其它寺院的关系,分析了色科寺在清代、民国时期、建国以后几起几落、命运多舛的原因。本研究也通过比较,分析、研究了色科寺之所以在当代发展滞后的客观与自身的原因。本研究的结构与内容如下：绪言：陈述研究的选题背景、缘起及意义,评述相关研究现状,并设计研究的基本框架、理论与方法。第一章：概述色科寺所处的地理位置、自然环境及大通县历史沿革,归纳其在顺治雍正、乾隆同治、清末民国时期、建国初期至改革开放前、改革开放至今的历史概况、变迁,总结色科寺几经兴衰、命运多舛的轨迹。第二章：研究色科寺宗教与行政组织系统及其运行机制,分析融合科层制、威权制、个人魅力型等特点于一体的寺院组织管理体制的优点和缺点。第三章：阐述活佛转世这一藏传佛教特有的解决寺院高僧继承人问题的制度,重点介绍敏珠尔、先灵、拉果、甘珠尔瓦、第瓦等色科寺的主要活佛系统,并总结其在中央治理蒙藏地区方略中发挥的重要宗教与政治作用。第四章：介绍色科寺的经院教育体系,如其各扎仓教育体系、辩经与晋升制度和学院仪规,总结藏传佛教独特的经院教育体系构成及社会功能。第五章：陈述色科寺的传统与当代寺院经济(经营活动方式、供养与布施等),并比较分析当代色科寺寺院经济滞后的原因。第六、七章：介绍色科寺寺院内外的宗教活动以及建筑、绘画、雕塑等宗教艺术,分析佛事活动体现的仪式功能和宗教艺术的象征性意义。第八章：辨析色科寺所属“九寺”与“五族”的变迁,介绍色科寺所属寺院与香火部落的历史与当代状况。第九章：梳理明清、民国时期中央治理蒙藏地区的政策与方略,阐述色科寺与中央政府、青海地方政府的互动关系,并通过现阶段色科寺与政府关系的分析,阐释代表“国家”的中央、地方政府与代表“地方社会”的色科寺之间关系模式的变迁。第十、十一章：研究色科寺在历史上与卫藏、蒙古人之间的关系,探索色科寺与哲蚌寺、佑宁寺、却藏寺、拉卜楞寺、塔尔寺及内蒙古多伦诺尔汇宗寺等寺院之间的密切联系；分析藏传佛教文化场域中,互为社会资本、象征性资本的寺院关系网络的建构过程。第十二章：结论与讨论。通过研究,得出如下基本结论：第一,色科寺在清代、民国时期中央政府治理蒙藏地区的历史过程中发挥了重要作用；这一作用主要通过敏珠尔佛、先灵佛、甘珠尔瓦佛、拉果佛在中央及地方政府中所获得的重要宗教与政治地位体现出来。第二,色科寺在历史发展过程中几经兴衰、命运多舛；其原因有中央政府治理蒙藏地区政策的变迁、地方军阀的宗教歧视与民族压迫、历史与社会发展等外在因素,也有寺院内部权利斗争、管理松弛、自身发展能力不足等内在因素。第三,当代色科寺的发展呈现出滞后态势,就其原因而言：一是现代化带来的工业化、世俗化、理性化等浪潮的冲击；二是周边地区民族结构、信众生产生活方式、民族文化心理结构变迁的影响；三是所处地区的去中心化与区域经济文化发展滞后的影响；四是缺乏有感召力的高僧大德、不能满足周边信教群众的信仰需求等自身发展能力不足的影响。第四,现阶段宗教要获得持续发展,必须与现实社会发展相适应。寺院作为社会构成、运行的重要部分与环节,必须与国家的民族宗教政策及社会管理制度相适应,服从国家和政府的管理、规范与完善寺院管理制度、提高僧侣自身素质与能力,不断满足信教群众的信仰需求。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Sarkog Monastery is very prestigious in the history of Tibetan Buddhism, the Gelug Sect listed the monastery in "the four famous Monasteries in the north of the Yellow River" and "the four famous Monastery of North Shore of Huangshui River". With the founding of the Sarkog Monastery and its rise and fall history as the main clue, this paper focus on the description of the historical background, geographical features, historical figures, national history and culture of the Sarkog Monastery area from the time of Qing Dynasty to the Republican as well some research on the present situation of the monastery through literature research in order to survey the success and failures, changes and it’s causes in policy of central government governing regions of Mongolia and Tibet. Baced on collation of historical data, combined with field survey data, the paper tries to depict the outline of the course of the region’s historical development and cultural changes over the years. Based on the research on the life experience of the past generations of the abbot Mundrol of the Sarkog Monastery, who was one of the seven famous Hutuketu from Qinghai who lived in Beijing. The paper explores the interaction relations between religion monastery and society and studies the reasons why the Sarkog Monastery rises and falls several times and the reasons of its ill fate, so that to make rational policy to govern regions of Qing-Tibet, improve social management levels and provide reference to the research on history of Tibetan Buddhism, Qinghai nationalities relations and local history.By studying of history materials and data in Chinese words and Tibetan records, it is found that the rise and fall of the Sarkog Monastery have concerned with the benefit contradiction of the central government and local governments, and the interaction between various local political forces and the interaction between the various nationalities, and especially have a very close relationship with the central government’s ethnic and religious policies. Through the several rises and falls of this Tibetan Buddhist monastery, we can get a glimpse of the pros and cons of governance policies and practices in Qing Dynasty and the Republican in Tibetan areas of Qinghai. Thus, it provides profound historical references to us today in administrating the Tibetan community, improving social management capacity and properly handling the ethnic and religious issues in Tibetan area and even the whole minority nationalities area. In addition, it will provide references materials for richening history of ethnic relations in Qinghai and local history. Finally, the material and the methods used in this paper will provides some help to the peers who are interested in the research on Sarkog Monastery in the future, which comes from the comprehensive and systematic study to the Sarkog Monastery’s management system and traditional forms of organization, Living Buddha system, scholastic education, temple economy, Buddhist religious art and other aspects from various levels and angles.The paper includes the contents as following:The preface, gives explanation to the background of topic choice, origins and significance. It gives collation to related present research situation and it defines the basic framework, theory, research methods and related concepts of the paper.Chapter One, summarizes the natural environment, geographic profiles of the Sarkog Monastery and the history of Datong county, and it described the historical outline and changes of the Sarkog Monastery during the five periods of Shunzhi and Yiongzheng of Qing Dynasty (1649-1732), Qianlong and Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty (1736-1874), the last period of Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republican (1875-1949), the early period of found of People’s Republic of China to the of China’s Open and Reform (1949-1977), and the period from the beginning of Open and Reform to now (1978—now)Chapter Two, does some research on the religious organizations systems, administrative organization systems and the management framework with in the monastery including rank systems, authority systems and individual fascination systems, it gives summary of the content above.Chapter Three, sorts the living Buddha system, explains the system of reincarnation of living Buddha, the unique system of Tibetan Buddhism’s solution to the question of monastery monks succession system. Mainly introduces the living Buddha system of Minzhuer, Sanling, Laguo, Ganzhuerwa, Diwa, and also makes a brief introduction to it’s important religious and political roles in the strategy of the central government governing regions of Mongolia and Tibet.Chapter Four, describes scholastic education of the Monastery, for examples, the school education system, the debate doctrine and promotion system and the ritual of the doctrine yard. And also make a summary of the unique Tibetan Buddhist scholastic education. Chapter Five, studies the monastery economy of Sarkog monastery (traditional way of management activities and the traditional support and donation situation). And it uses the method of comparative analysis to study the economic situation at the period of the monastery. Finally, it analyses the reasons why the monastery’s economy lags at present time.Chapter Six and Chapter Seven, describes the Buddhist issues, the monastery ceremony and religious arts including architecture, painting and sculpture of Sarkog Monastery, comparative analysis to art features, and cultural relics of the monastery.Chapter Eight, studies the changes of interactive relationsh of the Sarkog Monastery and the "nine temples"and "five tribes" under the Sarkog Monastery.Chapter Nine, analyzes the interactive relationship between the Sarkog Monastery and central government as well as the local government of Qinghai during Qing Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and the Republican. It also analyzes the changes of relationship between central|—local government of’state" representative and Sarkog Monastery of "local society" representative.Chapter Ten and Chapter Eleven, studies the relationship between the Sarkog monastery and Wei Tibet in the history and explores the interaction with the Mongols, and also explores the close relationship between Sarkog Monastery and Zhebang Monastery, Youning Monastery, Quezang Monastery, Labuleng Monastery, Taer Monastery as well as the interaction with other monasteries such as Duolunerhuizong Monastery of Mongolia to explore the forming process of monasteries relationship net providing the social capital and symbol capital each other.Chapter Twelve, conclusion and discussing.Based on the research above, we can draw the basic conclusions as following:First, Sarkog Monastery played important roles in the strategy of the central government governing regions of Mongolia and Tibet in Qing Dynasty and the period of the Republican, by reflecting of the important positions in the central government and local government of the living Buddha system of Minzhuer, Sanling, Laguo, Ganzhuerwa, Diwa.Second, Sarkog Monastery experienced several times of rises and falls to the ill changes, with the outsides reasons such as the policy changes of central government governing regions of Mongolia and Tibet, religion discriminating and races oppress by local warlords, the development of history and society; the inner reasons are such as the power struggles of Monastery, poor management and development capacity, etc.Third, at present age, Sarkog Monastery is detained with the reasons as following:1. The strikes of industrialize, common customs, sense;2. The effecting from changes of nationalities population structures,mass life style, national culture customs around area;3.local discentralizing, poor development of economy and culture;4. lack of powerful monks in monastery to attract the local people and poor development capacity itself,etc.Fourth, to prevent stagnation of development at present age, religions must adapt to real society development. As important factor of social structure and running, temples must adapt to the state’s policies on nationalities and religions, obey government’s administer, make rules and strengthen the temples regulations, improve monks’quality and capacity, etc.更多还原