【作者】 王玲；

【导师】 吴毅；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 社会学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 本研究以救灾政治为切入点,选择“5.12”汶川地震重灾区的四川省纹江县元镇为研究单位,将“在救灾过程中,各政治主体如何利用灾害危机来经营其合法性”作为全文考察的核心问题,以此探讨国家、基层政府、灾民经营合法性的过程、机制及效果。为此,笔者在元镇进行了长达半年的田野调研,对国家、基层政府以及灾区民众的救灾行动以及它们之间的互动关系有了一个整体的把握。本文在考察国家的救灾行动的基础上,将研究视野逐渐移至灾后处于资源约束与利益驱动下的基层政府的救灾实践中,来展现基层的合法性经营行为与困境。同时,将灾区民众看作救灾政治中的积极行动者,展现他们为了缓解灾害危机下的经济压力,对“灾民”这有价身份进行的自我建构,以及利用国家救灾政策与基层政府展开互动以尽可能多地索取救灾资源,经营其权益合法性的行动与过程。国家作为救灾政治中最重要行动主体,通过政治动员与政策供给,本着“以人为本”的精神进行抗震救灾,体现出积极的、负责任的国家形象,凸显了“举全国之力”进行抗震救灾的体制上的优越性。基层政府在资源约束与利益驱动之下,在实践中承接国家的救灾行动,并对国家救灾政策进行落实与变通,以及基于自身利益进行“经营”式重建与开发,以获得行政合法性。但在灾害危机中,基层政府仍然无法摆脱它在税费时期作为“资源汲取者”在乡村社会中留下的“恶”的印象,以及在税费改革后由于能力的限制而不能很好地提供公共服务的“弱”的印象。基层政府在积累合法性资源的同时,又创造出了一些导致合法性资源流失的因素。针对灾后社会中的各种上访行动和社会冲突事件,基层政府通过“维稳”和“反应性”的主动改革加以应对。灾区民众利用国家赋予的“灾民身份”及其附着的相关权益,以及根据直观感知与经验知识自我建构的“灾民”身份与基层政府展开互动,以尽可能多地索取救灾资源,从而获得权益合法性。具有灾民身份的农民并非是完全的“被救助者”,在灾害危急中遭遇的损失,及其在恢复重建中面临的经济压力,是其进行主动索要和维权行为的主要动力来源。在行动策略上,他们或者通过“诉苦”和“告贪”,或者利用自己的“弱势”身份来进行“有声的”或“无言”的反抗,以为自己争取话语权,从而为自己的利益诉求树立合法性。研究发现,第一,在救灾政治中,国家、基层政府以及具有灾民身份的农民均会主动借助灾害危机最大限度地经营自身的合法性。第二,救灾政治中的合法性经营在效果上呈现出非均衡的特征：国家在总体上赢得了广泛的政治认同；基层政府的合法性经营因受到种种因素的制约和限制,不仅困难重重而且还有丧失原有合法性的危险；而灾民的权益合法性在很大程度上也受到了挤压。后两者的经营状况最终会影响着整个国家在乡村社会中的合法性经营效果。第三,当以全球视野来审视中国救灾政治时,笔者发现,与其他国家的救灾政治相比,中国式的救灾政治无可比拟的优越性,同时也仍旧存在一些问题。对这些问题的解决正是推动中国救灾政治,以及现代国家与乡村社会发展的关键所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 In this study, the core problem is that how do the central state, grass-roots government and the victims operate their own legitimacy in the earthquake relief and reconstruction. The entry point of this study is relief politics and the research unit is Yuan town part of Patterns River County in Sichuan Province which is the disaster area of "5.12" Wenchuan earthquake.I conducted six months of field research in Yuan town with regards to this and have an overall grasp on the national, grass-roots government and disaster victims, disaster relief operations, as well as the interaction between them. This paper examines the national disaster relief operations in the first place, And then gradually moved to the grass-roots government’s relief practiceln the resource constraints and interest-driven to show the legitimacy of the grass-roots management behaviors and difficulties. In this study, people in disaster areas are seen as active actors in the relief of political. In this study,I Show the action and processes of operating their own legitimacy such as constructing the identity of’victims"which can bring them the actual interests,Interacting with the grass-roots government as much as possible to obtain relief resourcesThe central state is the most important actor in disaster relief. Political mobilization and policy supply are the main action of the central state with the idea of "people-oriented". The earthquake relief reflects positive, responsible image of the country and the superiority of the system which can "give the whole force" in disaster relief.The grass-roots governments undertake the country’s relief operations such as implementing and altering the national relief policy. At the same time they carry out the reconstruction and development as enterprises based on its own interests. Through the above actions, the grass-roots governments operate their own legitimacy. However, they can not get rid of "bad" image and "weak" image left in the process of collecting agricultural taxes and fees and providing public services after tax and fee reform. The grass-roots governments are accumulating resources of legitimacy,while creating the factors that undermine the legitimacy.Disaster victims interact with the grass-roots government in order to obtain relief resources as much as possible. They take advantage of the identity Victims given by the state and the relevant interests to get the legitimacy of their own rights and interests. Losses in the earthquake and economic pressures faced in the reconstruction are main power source of their post-disaster action. Their action strategies include bemoaning their fate and anti-corruption in order to fight for their right to speak.This study has the following basic conclusions. Firstly,the research found that Central state, local government and farmers who have the identity of the victims all try their best to operate their own legitimacy in the earthquake relief and reconstruction. Secondly, the result of their operating activities are non-balanced:the central state had been successfully; grass-roots governments have encountered many difficulties while have the risk of loss the original legitimacy in action; The legitimate rights and interests of the victims have been squeezed to a certain extent. The operating conditions of the latter two will ultimately affect the operating results of the legitimacy of the entire country in the rural society. Thirdly, the research found that China’s relief and political has more advantages than that of other countries in global perspective, it also has some problems. To solve these problems can promote China’s disaster relief and political As well as promoting the development of the modern state and rural society.更多还原