【作者】 魏海岩；

【导师】 张昆；

【作者基本信息】 华中科技大学 ， 新闻学， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 北宋建立之初,赵匡胤、赵光义兄弟在汲取前代帝王治国经验的基础上,结合本朝的实际情况,建立了一套新的统治制度。由于该制度本身就有一定的局限性,而后来的继任者又多缺乏创新魄力、惟知谨守家法,最终导致宋王朝陷入了内外交困的境地。宋神宗即位之后,任用王安石主持变法,以求扭转危局。由于社会矛盾由来日久,很早以来统治集团内部就不断传出改革呼声。从这个角度看,这次变法确实具有一定的舆论基础。与此同时,黄老思想的流行、对祖宗之法的崇拜和压制创新精神的官僚管理制度又导致北宋的社会风气中有十分保守的一面。变法发动以后,士大夫们在人材选用标准、变法合理性、改革路线等问题的认识上无法达成一致。历史的隐患和现实的分歧,使士大夫群体分裂出支持变法与反对变法两个子群体。双方在进奏院、台谏、行政、教育、科举考试、文学等领域展开了一场旨在影响皇帝、士大夫、百姓态度和行为的宣传斗争。宋是中国古代社会中新闻传播最为发达的王朝,在官府有进奏院统一发行的进奏院状,在民间有非法出版的小报。但是,不论是进奏院状还是小报,都与进奏院关系密切,故双方的新闻宣传斗争便集中于此。为更好地控制和利用进奏院,变法群体调整了进奏院监官的选拔标准,创办了中国最早的新闻月报。反变法群体自然也不甘失败,总是设法进行抵制。由于双方在维护王朝稳定方面的立场-致,因此斗争中也有妥协。定本制度的迅速废除、进奏院监管法令的顺利颁布,便是这种妥协性的集中表现。在专制时代,行政组织是整个社会系统中最为高效的信息传播渠道。变法与反变法群体在中央决策形成、发布和落实的各个环节均展开过激烈的宣传斗争。台谏是宋代官场的舆论中心,因此变法刚刚发动,反变法群体就组织台谏官鼓动舆论、攻击新法。变法群体一面通过申辩驳斥来降低他们造成的不利影响,一面借助撤换台谏官、规范风闻制度来削弱对手在台谏中的力量。宋代的经筵讲学具有教育皇帝和规谏皇帝的双重功能。变法群体和反变法群体均试图通过讲学来劝说神宗接受自己的政治主张,有时双方甚至会在讲学过程中发生面对面的争论。宋代面向社会的教育系统有官学、私学之分。变法群体主要通过改善官学办学条件、加强对学官控制、改革教材等手段控制官学,使之成为宣传变法理论的主要渠道。仕途上失意的反变法官员无法控制官学,便通过创办私学来宣传自己的政治主张。宋代的选官考试在社会各阶层中具有广泛的影响力,可以被用来贯彻皇帝或大臣的思想意图。变法群体和反变法群体为了实现各自的政治主张,便围绕着命题权、录取权等展开争夺。宋代是中国古代社会中文学最为繁盛的时代之一,而卷入变法斗争的官员中有很多都是当时著名的文学巨匠。他们纷纷吟诗作文,或抨击政敌,或讴歌同道。旷日持久的口舌之斗,对变法产生了巨大的破坏作用。首先,变法群体论甘而忌辛,反变法群体好丹而非素,使政坛的包容性越来越小、离心力越来越大,难以形成同心协力、共创伟业的氛围；其次,对立舆论的强大压力,迫使变法群体调整原有计划,降低了除旧布新的力度；再次,激烈的争论将内部矛盾公之于众,影响了社会环境的稳定。当然,经久不息的笔墨之辩,也有积极的一面。其一,它有利于变法群体注意时刻保持清醒的头脑,谨慎决策、认真管理,从而减少不必要的失误和损失；其二,它有利于促进部分反变法者更深入地理解新法,转变认识。按照改革发动的背景不同,中国古代社会的改革可以划分为前瞻式改革、修复式改革和重建式改革。前瞻式改革是在现行制度未造成重大破坏之前组织实施的改革。由于借助制度漏洞而谋取权益的群体尚未形成强大的势力,他们很难与获得领导权的改革者进行对等的宣传斗争。修复式改革是指在社会制度的弊端已经完全暴露的形势下进行的改革。旧制度庇佑下的利益集团已经十分强大,他们会设法控制各种宣传渠道,与改革者进行对抗。因此,这一模式的改革通常伴有十分激烈的宣传斗争。重建式改革是指王朝、政权更迭后,新的统治集团在恢复生产、确立新秩序的同时所进行的制度创新。在重建式改革前发生了政权转移,旧势力遭到沉重打击,主张改革的新贵攫取了足够的权力,他们很容易在宣传上占据上风。政权与外部环境的关系也会对改革中的宣传斗争产生很大的影响。如果一个政权处在封闭的状态或者与之有联系的政权落后于自己,改革一方就很难在宣传上占据主动；反之则可能极大提高改革者在宣传斗争中获胜的几率。王安石变法属于一种典型的修复式改革,而且北宋面对的又是辽和西夏这样落后的少数民族政权。这就注定了变法宣传要获得成功是异常艰难的。更多还原

【Abstract】 At the beginning of the establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao brothers, Kuangyin and Guangyi on former emperor’s ruling experience, combined with the actual situation of the dynasty, set up a new ruling system. As the system itself had some limitations, and later successors were stick-in-the-muds and lack of innovation and courage, eventually leading to the Song Dynasty slipping into the troubles and difficulties internally and externally.After ascending the throne, the Song Shenzong appointed Wang-AnShi to presided over the reform, in order to reverse the crisis of situation. Since the social problems existed for many years, the calls for reform had came out continuously from ruling circles. From the point of this view, this reform had a certain base of public opinion. At the same time, popularity of Huang and Lao thought, worship of the ancestral law and the management systems of bureaucrat which suppressed the spirit of innovation led to the conservativeness of social climate in the Northern Song Dynasty.When the reform officially launched later, there are a lot of opposition in Personnel system, reform of rationality, reform course and others problems, among the scholar-Bureaucrats; which led the group split into the support of reform and opposed the reform two sub groups. Both sides Launched a campaign in Jin Zou Yuan, supervisory system, administration system, education, Imperial Examination, and literary fields, which aims to influence the emperor, scholar-Bureaucrat, ordinary people’s attitude and action campaign.Song Dynasty, with the most developed journalism and communication during acient society of China, not only owned Jin Zou Yuan Zhuang issued by Jin Zou Yuan Agency, but also published illegal Xiao Bao by private citizens. Both Jin Zou Yuan Zhuang and Xiao Bao kept in a close relation with Jin Zou Yuan Agency, where the propaganda struggle between reform advocates and opponents took place and focused on. In order to control and make better use of Jin Zou Yuan, the reform group adjusted the standard of Jin Zou Yuan officials selection, and established the earliest monthly newspaper in China. While the opposition group reconciled to defeat, they tried their best to resist what the reform group had done. However, there was compromise in the struggle because both sides had the same standpoint in the respect of maintaining the stability of the Song Dynasty. The rapid abolishment of Ding Ben and the promulgating of Jin Zou Yuan supervision decree without a hitch, were the concentrated expressions of compromise.The administrative organization is the most efficient communication channel in the authoritarian era. The advocates and opponents engaged in a fierce struggle for publicity in all aspects of central decision-making, announcing and implementing.Tai Jian is the public opinion centre in the officialdom of Song Dynasty. Therefore the group against reform organized Tai Jian officials to mobilize public opinion and attack new system. On the one hand, the reform group tried to reduce the adverse effects through defending themselves and refuting opponents; on the other hand, they weakened opponents’power in the Tai Jian by replacing officials, and standardizing the system of Feng Wen.Giving lectures of Jing Yan in the Song Dynasty has two functions on the emperor in terms of educating and dissuading. Both reform group and the opposition group tried to persuade Shen Zong to accept their political proposals. Sometimes they argued face to face in the process of giving lectures. The education system to the society in the Song Dynasty can be divided into official schools and private schools. The reform group made the official schools to be main propaganda channel through improving the condition of education, enhancing the control of educational officials, reforming teaching material. The officials against reform couldn’t control the official schools, so they propagated their proposals through building private schools.Election official examination of the Song Dynasty in the various strata of society with a wide range of influence, can be used to carry out the ideological intent of the emperor or the Minister. Both reform group and opposite group carried out struggle around the rights of setting the papers and enrolling in order to achieve their political views.The Song Dynasty is one of the most prosperous eras in ancient society in literature. Many officials involved into the reform struggle are famous master of literature at that time. They recited poems and wrote articles to assail political opponents or eulogize men of the same line.Long lasting debate produced tremendous destructive effect, on the political reform. First, both sides were stubborn, even paranoid, so that politics inclusive was more and more small, centrifugal force was more and more big, it was difficult to form unite in a concerted effort, and create a great atmosphere; secondly, opposing strong pressure of public opinion, forced the reform group adjustments to the original plan, and reduced the strength of reform; again, intense debate exposed the internal contradiction, and affected social stability. Of course, prolonged debate also has its positive side. First, it was helpful to reform groups Keeping a clear head, careful decision-making, careful management, thus reducing the unnecessary mistakes and losses. Secondly, it is conducive to the promotion of partial inverse method are more in-depth understanding of the change and reform.According to the difference of the background, the reform in the ancient society of China can be divided into three types:forward-looking reform, repaired reform and reconstructed reform. The first type launches before the major damage of existing system. Because the groups which seek rights and interests from the loopholes in system don’t form great force, it will be difficult for them to launch an equipotent propaganda struggle with the reformers who have gotten leadership. The second type launches after the evil of system has exposed completely. The interest group protected by the old system has been very powerful, so they will try to control all kinds of propaganda channels, and withstand the reformers. Therefore this model of reform is often accompanied by very intense propaganda struggle. The third type launches after the dynasty or regime has changed, and the new ruling circles creat new systems while they restore production and establish new order. Because the political power has transferred, and the old forces had received a heavy blow, so reformers will get enough power, which make it easy for them to get the upper hand during propaganda struggle.The relationship between a regime and its external environment has a very great influence on the propaganda struggle in reform. If a regime is in closed condition or relational regimes are backward, it will be difficult for the side of reform to occupy initiative in propaganda. On the contrary, the probability of success will rise greatly.Wang-AnShi’s reform was a typical repaired reform. Northern Song Dynasty had to face the threat of the Liao and Western Xia, which are backward minority regime. It decided that the success of propaganda of reform would be very difficult.更多还原