【作者】 王萌；

【导师】 张鹤泉；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 中国古代史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 北朝时期的制曲、酿酒工艺取得了进步,当时酒的种类日益丰富。酒的生产形成了官营酿酒业与民间酿酒业并行发展的局面。一方面,酿酒业需要消耗大量的粮食,对民生产生一定影响；另一方面,酒的生产和销售能带来丰厚的利润,因而北朝时期国家制定了相关政策来对酒业进行管理。这一时期,北方地区受到游牧民族饮食风俗的影响、农业生产的发展以及处于气候寒冷时期,这几方面的因素共同促进了当时北方地区尚饮之风的形成。在北朝时期的饮酒活动中往往伴随娱乐活动,并形成了一定的酒宴礼仪,此外在这一时期也存在着对饮酒行为的约束。酒与当时的国家政治、礼仪活动、社会生活以及诗歌创作都存在着密切的联系。表现为酒在北朝国家的施政与礼仪活动中占据重要的地位,同时深入社会日常生活的众多方面。除此之外,酒还促进了当时社会中诗歌创作的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The article does research of the kinds of alcohol in Northern Dynasties, technology of making distillers’yeast and producing alcohol, production of alcohol, management of alcohol carried out by the countries, features of drinking alcohol, reactional activities during the banquets, etiquettes of the banquets, restrains on drinking alcohol, relations between alcohol and national administration and ceremony activities, social life, poems wtitten by the scholars. The contents of this article cover the history of technology, economy, society and social customs.The first chapter is the study on the kinds of alcohol, technology of making distillers’yesat and producing alcohol in Northern Dynasties. In the first place, we will explore liquor, mixed alcohol of plant, wine, and medicinal liquor. We will focus on the varieties of liquor, mixed alcohol of plant, wine, and their share in the consumption. In the second place, we will make the analysis of the kinds of distillers’ yeast and technology of making distillers’yeast. Futurempre, we will approach the operational steps of producing alcohol,concrete measuers taken by people to deal with the problems arose in the course of producing alcohol, these are a showcase for development of technology of producing alcohol in Northern Dynasties.The second chapter is the analysis of production of alcohol and management of alcohol. About production of alcohol, the state-operated and non-state-operated industry of producing alcohol develpoed at the same time, the former fulfilled the royal houses’ needs, the latter attended to social needs. In reference to state management of alcohol, on that time, the countries operated producing alcohol, trading in alcohol, and consumpting alcohol through prohibition on alcohol, monopoly on alcohol, and collecting taxes on alcohol. These policies affected national revenue. The third chapter is the discussion on noteweathy features of drinking alcohol in Northern Dynasties. We will approach them from four angles:the formed atmosphere of drinking alcohol, diversified ways of drinking, elegant drinking vessels, frequent drinking activities.The fourth chapter is the investigation on reactional activities during the banquets, etiquettes of the banquets, tabooes against drinking alcohol. Firstly, there were five kinds of reactional activities-composing poems, dance accompanied by music, singing, performing acrobatics, words of drinkers’wager game. These reactional activities reflected that people attached more importance to pursuits of spiritual ethos when they were drinking. Secondly, etiquettes of the banquets on that time were very elaborate.We could find out that from seating orders, dierctions and highness of seat, ceremonies of drinking which people payed more attention to. Moreover, tabooes of Chinese ancient mouring etiquettes and Buddhist belief restricted drinking to some degrees.The fifth chapter is the inspection of relations between alcohol and national administration and etiquettes activities. On the one hand, wine had close connection with national administration in Northern Dynasties. For the rulers, they built closer relations between monarches and cabinet ministers, inspired the morale of the troops and won people’s support by awarding alcohol, developed diplomatic relations by awarding foreign monarches and messengers banquets. Thses were benificial to national rule. For local officials, they intergrated awarding banquets with administering the jurisdiction well. This was benificial to local administration. On the other hand, wine had close relations with etiquettes activities. Alcohol was widely used in the memorial rites, ceremonies of providing for the aged, weddings and ceremonies of putting on the hap which were held by the states. This reflected that alcohol was treated as vehicle for the national etiquettes activities.The sixth chapter is the investigation on relations between alcohol and social life. On that time, alcohol was widely used in congratulations, interpersonal communication, treating the disease, processing food and drink, folk memorial ceremonies. This reflected that alcohol had close relation with social life. The seventh chapter is the study on relations between alcohol and poems of scholars’compositions. During the background of atmosphere of composing poems came into fashion, poems which key themes were alcohol emerged o lot. This proved that alcohol promoted the composition.更多还原