【作者】 魏来；

【导师】 韩喜平；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 马克思主义发展史， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 文化经济是人类社会需要推动发展的重要方面。改革开放以后，为了迅速改变中国贫穷落后的面貌，我们重视经济优先发展和经济的物质投入有其历史背景。随着我国经济社会的快速发展和人民生活水平的显著提高，人们衣食住行的基本需求逐步得到满足，丰富的精神文化生活成为人们的必然选择。而满足这种需要有两种途径：一是公益性文化事业，作为公共文化服务满足人民群众的基本文化需要。二是文化产业，通过经济的形式满足人们多样性的文化需求。我们这里主要研究文化经济的当代表现形态——文化产业。因此，有关文化经济之历史渊源、现实状况和发展趋势的研究，关系到我国的经济发展、社会进步、人民生活幸福和国家软实力的构建，具有重大的现实意义和理论价值。文化经济是以精神生产为基础，以文化产业为当代表现形态，生产文化产品和提供文化服务的新型经济。文化经济作为一个历史范畴，经历了文化经济的物质形态、服务形态、手工作坊形态、机器复制形态，一直发展到现代的文化产业形态。文化产业是文化经济发展到当代的必然产物，是文化经济的当代表现形态。文化经济是衡量一个国家经济社会发展水平的重要指标，它代表人类社会发展的基本方向。文化经济的创新性是由精神生产的创新本质决定的；绿色、可持续性决定了文化资源是可重复利用、永不枯竭的资源；非物质性体现为商品的符号价值，代表商品使用者的消费品味和阶层身份；成本特殊性体现在文化产品具有高固定成本和低复制成本；文化与经济融合性表现为兼具经济活动与文化活动的性质。发展文化经济有利于经济结构调整和培育新的经济增长点，抚慰后危机时期人们的心灵，而且有利于社会主义文化规律的丰富和实现文化的大发展大繁荣。回顾文化经济的特征、功能和价值，有必要进一步考察文化经济的历史渊源和理论发展。马克思的文化经济理论，尤其是精神生产理论是文化经济提出的理论渊源和根本依据。他将精神生产视为“关于意识的生产”和“特殊生产”，把文化活动视为生产现象，文化生产力的概念呼之欲出。列宁在继承马克思文化经济基础上提出了文化建设的重要作用，强调以文化水平作为衡量社会主义形成和发展的标准。西方马克思主义者葛兰西、哈贝马斯、莱易斯和韦伯从不同角度开辟了文化经济研究的新范式。我国毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系引领着文化经济的方向，党的历代领导集体对文化与经济的关系都做过精辟的论述。毛泽东说文化是经济的反映，又给予经济巨大的影响和反作用。邓小平认为应该始终把生产力作为根本任务，同时坚持精神文明和物质文明共同发展。“三个代表”重要思想要求中国共产党始终代表先进生产力的发展要求和先进文化的前进方向。文化经济是在科学发展观指导下，并与科学发展观的精神内涵相契合的一种新经济形式。西方学者对文化经济理论推进也做出不少贡献，按照不同时期，本文梳理了人文主义社会、文化工业社会和消费主义社会的文化经济观。任何时代的经济学者都必须正面回答经济发展中的文化问题，他们以不同流派分别阐述了古典经济学、制度经济学和当代经济学者的文化价值观。按照文化在发展中的不同作用，本研究系统介绍了李斯特、汤因比、费斯克和波特的文化发展理论。对照西方的理论和经验，反观中国文化经济的发展历程和现实状况，不难发现，我国的文化经济在很多方面亟待改善。1949年至1978年，我国文化经济主要以文化事业为表现形态，政府作为文化的唯一投资方和受益方，按照计划统一调配文化产品的生产和分配，这一时期称为文化经济的萌芽期。1979年至2002年，主要以文化市场的开放、培育和文化产业的萌芽为特征，这一时期称为文化经济的恢复与调整期。2002年党的十六大以后，我国进入文化产业化的高速发展时期，2011年党的十七届六中全会召开以后，国家将发展文化产业上升到新的战略高度，进入文化经济繁荣发展的新时期。通过对国内外理论与实践的回顾，更加清晰地认识了我国文化经济的历史和现实，深刻地体察到我国不仅面临一系列挑战，比如文化企业面临跨国公司的冲击、文化产业发展中的资金困扰、西方价值观念的入侵、与文化经济强国在人才、技术和理念上的差距。与此同时，我国还面临着一些重要发展机遇：国家文化发展战略的推动、居民文化消费需求的释放和政府对文化企业的扶持和资助。在此基础上，解释了我国文化经济发展滞后的原因，经济发展方式阻碍了文化经济的发展，资本的逻辑促使文化成为资本增殖的工具，优先发展经济的战略使文化建设明显滞后。在把握文化经济存在问题、滞后原因的基础上，本研究提出当代文化经济的发展对策与趋势展望。文化与经济的融合表现为由文化经济化向经济文化化转变，由追求经济增长到提升文化层次是实现人的全面自由发展的必然要求。制订文化产业优先发展战略、以文化产业结构调整推进管理制度创新、实现政府职能由管理文化产业向服务文化产业转变、重视人才队伍建设以增强文化产业创新能力，是文化经济发展的针对性措施。最后，本文对中国文化经济趋势进行了展望：精神文化消费的比重将进一步提高，文化经济的持续发展将加快中国社会转型，中国特色文化经济的世界影响会不断扩大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cultural economy is an important aspect which human society needs to develop.After the reform and opening up, in order to quickly change our state of the povertyand backwardness, we China give priority over economy and increase the materialinvestment, which has its historical inevitability. With the rapid development ofChinese economic society and the remarkable improvement of living standard, thebasic demand of masses has been satisfied stage by stage, and then rich spiritual andcultural life has become the inevitable choice. Two ways can be used to meet this need:one is to develop the public cultural undertakings, which are regarded as public cultureservice so as to satisfy the people’s basic cultural demands. The second is to promotethe cultural industry concerned, which meets the diversity cultural needs of peoplethrough the economic form. Here we mainly study the contemporary manifestations ofcultural economy -- the cultural industry. Therefore, the research on the history ofcultural economy, the actual status and the development trend is related to economicdevelopment, social progress, happiness life of masses and the construction of ournational soft strength, so it plays great practical significance and theoretical value.Cultural economy is a new economy which is based on spiritual production, andcharacterized by the cultural industry, and supplies cultural produce and culturalservices. Cultural economy as the historical category, has experienced a physical form,service configuration, manual mill mode, machine copy form, and it’s the mostadvanced form——modern culture industry. The cultural industry is the inevitableresult and the manifestation of the contemporary cultural economy. Cultural economyis an important index to measure the economic and social development of one country,which denotes the basic orientation of human society development. The innovation ofcultural economy is decided by the innovative essence of spirit production; Green andsustainability decides that cultural resource is renewable and inexhaustible resource;non-material embodies as the symbol value of goods, which denotes the consumption tastes and class identity of users; cost specialty is reflected by the fact cultural productspose high fixed costs and low cost of reproduction; the fusion of cultural and economyembodies in the fact cultural economy has the quality of both economy and culturalactivities. The development of cultural economy is helpful to the adjustment ofeconomic structure and the cultivation of new economic growth points, and soothe theheart of masses during the post-crisis period, but also conducive to the realization ofthe rules of socialist culture and enrich the cultural development and prosperity.Review the characteristics, function and value of cultural and economy, it is necessaryto further study the history and theory development of cultural and economy.Marx’s theory of cultural economy, especially his theory of spiritual production isthe theoretical origin and basis of cultural economy. He viewed the spiritual productionas "production about consciousness" and "special production", and the culturalactivities as the phenomenon of production, and the concept of cultural productivitytroops.Lenin inherited Marx’s cultural economy theory and presented the importantrole of cultural construction, emphasized that cultural levels served as a measure indexof the formation and development of socialism. Western Marxists such as Gramsci，Antonio, Jürgen Habermas, Leiss and Webb opened up new research paradigms ofcultural economy from different angles. Chinese Mao Zedong Thoughts and thetheoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics leads cultural andeconomic direction, the top leaders of party have made brilliant exposition about therelationship between culture and economy. Mao Zedong said that culture was areflection of the economy, and at the same time culture had tremendous influence andreaction on economy. Deng Xiaoping thought that we should always put theproductivity as the fundamental task, and adhere to the common development ofspiritual civilization and material civilization. The important thought of "ThreeRepresents" required that the Chinese Communist Party should always represent thedevelopment requirement of advanced productivity and advanced culture orientation.Cultural economy is a new economy form which develops under the guidance ofscientific development and consists with the spiritual connotation of scientificdevelopment. Western scholars contribute to the promotion of cultural economy theory. In accordance with the different period, this thesis combs culture economy theory ofthe humanism society, cultural industrial society and consumerism society. Economicscholars in any era have to answer the culture problems in economy development, theyseparately expatiated the cultural values of classical economics, system economics andcontemporary economic with different schools. According to different functions ofculture in the development procedure, this thesis systematically introduced culturaldevelopment theory of Lester, Toynbee, Bill Sike and Potter. Through comparisonswith western theories and experience, as well as review of economic developmenthistory and the realistic condition of Chinese cultural economy, it is not difficult tofind out that our cultural economy needs to be improved in many aspects.From 1949 to 1978, our cultural economy mainly was based on culturalundertakings, as the expression form. And the government was the only investors andbeneficiaries. Because it products and allocates cultural production according to theplan in a unified way, this period was called the cultural economy budding period.Between 1979 and 2002, cultural economy mainly had the features of the openness andcultivation of cultural market, and the budding of cultural industry, this period wasknown as the cultural and economic recovery and adjustment period. After thesixteenth party congress in 2002, our country entered the rapid development stage ofcultural industrialization. After the sixth plenary session of the seventeenth partycentral committee in 2011, the country promoted cultural industry in a new strategicheight, and the cultural industry entered into a new period of economic developmentand cultural prosperity. Through review of the domestic and foreign theory andpractice, we understand more clearly about the history and reality of our culturaleconomy, profoundly realize that our country not only faces a series of challenges,such as cultural enterprises face with the impaction of multinational corporation, fundproblems of cultural industry development, the invasion of Western values, and thegap on talent, technologies and concepts with power countries; but also faces someimportant opportunities for development: the promotion of national culturedevelopment strategy, the release of residents consumption demand and the support and funding of government to cultural enterprises. On this basis, this thesis explainsthe lag reason of our cultural economy development. Economic development modeprevents the development of cultural economy; the logic of funds has used culture as atool of fund proliferation; the strategy that gives priority to the development ofeconomy makes culture construction lags. After grasping the problems of culturaleconomy, this study presents development countermeasures and trends ofcontemporary cultural economy.The confluence of culture and economy takes the form of changing from thecultural economy to the economic culture, from the pursuit of economic growth toimproving the culture level as well as achieving the comprehensive and freedevelopment of masses. Counter measures of cultural economy development includeformulate cultural industry preferential development strategy, advance the innovationof management system through adjustment of cultural industry structure, realize thetransformation of the functions of the government from management to service, andpay attention to the construction of talent team so as to enhance the innovative abilityof cultural industries. Finally, this article looks forwards to the trend of Chinesecultural economy: the ratio of spiritual cultural consumption will be further improved,the sustainable development of cultural economy will accelerate the transition ofChinese society, and the worldwide influence of cultural economy with Chinesecharacteristics will continue to expand.更多还原