【作者】 张念；

【导师】 陈文化；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 防灾减灾工程及防护工程， 2012， 博士

【摘要】 由于我国多山区的地形特点,我国铁路网上分布着大量的铁路隧道。随着铁路建设工程的发展,长隧道的规模和数量也日益增多,其中3km以上的铁路隧道就有近200座,这一系列长大隧道的修建也带来了长大隧道铁路运行安全问题的出现。特长铁路隧道由于其长度较大,隧道内发生火灾时列车很难在安全时间内驶出洞外,对人员的生命安全和隧道结构都会造成极大的威胁。因此,在我国长大铁路隧道修建的背景下,如何保证隧道的安全性是一个非常重要的问题。本文结合铁道部科技研究开发计划重点项目——“高海拔特长铁路隧道运营安全与防灾救援技术研究”子项(编号：KCD09002531),以青藏线上的关角特长铁路隧道为典型研究对象进行研究。本论文的研究工作主要体现在以下几个方面：(1)采用现场试验的手段,在不同海拔高度地区进行火灾燃烧试验,主要研究高海拔条件对于火灾燃烧特性的影响,包括高海拔对于火灾燃烧时间的影响；高海拔对于火灾燃烧热释放速率的影响等。(2)采用现场试验的手段,在高海拔特长铁路隧道——关角隧道(32.645km)的斜井和泄水洞内分别进行了火灾燃烧的大尺寸模型试验和小尺寸模型试验,对高海拔隧道火灾的燃烧特性和烟气分布规律进行研究,测得了不同火灾规模条件下隧道内温度和烟气分布,通过对试验结果的分析得到高海拔隧道火灾的燃烧特性,同时结合试验的分析结果针对高海拔隧道火灾的防灾救援设计提出了建议。(3)建立高海拔隧道火灾分析的数学模型,通过与现场试验的结果的对比,验证了模型的合理性；采用数值模拟的方法对高海拔隧道火灾燃烧特性进行了对比分析；同时以依托工程关角特长铁路隧道为具体研究对象,结合工程的实际情况,在隧道端口附近设置气象站,实测关角隧道气象资料(包括风速、风向、温度、湿度等),建立关角铁路隧道的全尺寸三维数学模型,采用数值模拟的方法,对隧道内不同火灾场景进行数值模拟计算。首次系统地探讨了高海拔特长铁路隧道在列车火灾情况下的火灾燃烧特性和烟气分布规律,同时根据隧道内火灾燃烧情况提出了高海拔特长铁路隧道火灾人员安全疏散的可用时间(ASET)。(4)通过实地考察调研,以及国内外相关工程经验类比,同时从人员安全疏散的角度出发,结合关角隧道的实际情况,建立人员疏散的数学模型,针对高海拔特长铁路隧道火灾后人员安全疏散问题,进行了计算机模拟计算分析。根据不同火灾场景、不同“定点”参数设置情况下人员安全疏散的需要时间(RSET),优化特长铁路隧道“定点”设置参数,确定了关角隧道“定点”内诸如：“定点”的形式和长度、横通道间距、横通道数量等设置参数。(5)针对列车着火后既无法驶离隧道,又不能够到达“定点”而只能停在隧道内其它任意位置的情况,列车在隧道内随机停车进行人员疏散,根据不同火灾场景、不同横通道间距设置情况下计算机数值模拟计算人员安全疏散的时间,得出了高海拔特长铁路隧道内横通道的间距设置参数,确定了关角隧道内横通道的合理问距设置为420m。(6)提出了针对关角隧道旅客列车发生火灾后的防灾救援设计方案,即：关角隧道定点防灾救援设计和关角隧道随机停车防灾救援设计,包括事故的分类、防灾救援原则、防灾区域的划分、不同事故条件下防灾救援预案及防灾通风设计。总结研究成果,探讨了高海拔特长隧道防灾救援设计的基本要求,为进一步优化设计施工,促进完善铁路特长隧道的火灾防灾救援和安全疏散规划管理提供了依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the characteristics of our multi-mountain terrain, there is a large number of railway tunnels on our railway network. With the development of railway construction projects, the number of the tunnel that length is more than3km, is nearly200. This series long-large railway tunnel brought a lot of security issues. Because the length of the long-large tunnel is too long, it is difficult for the train to get away from the tunnel in a safe time. Thus, how to ensure the safety of the tunnel is a very important issue.By taking the project on "High-altitude super-long railway tunnel safety and disaster prevention and rescue operations research" from the Ministry of Railways (KCD09002531), and studying based on Guanjiao tunnel which is on the Qinghai-Tibet railway line, this thesis had carried out some researches as the follow:(1) To study the impact of high-altitude on combustion characteristics of fire, it took fire burning tests at the high-altitude zone and the mainland. The burning time and heat release rate of different size oil pan fire at at the high-altitude zone were measured.(2) By taking large-size model tests in the slope and small-size model tests in the drainage tunnel of the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel—Guanjiao Tunnel (32.645km) to research burning characteristics of high-altitude tunnel fire. Tests got the distribute of the temperature and smoke under different fire scale conditions inside the tunnel, through the analysis of test results it obtained fire burning characteristics in the high-altitude tunnel, and gave some recommendations to the fire disaster-relief design of the high-altitude tunnel combined with the analysis of test results.(3) Established the mathematical model of the tunnel fire, and the feasibility of the model was verified by comparing the results of full-scale model tests. Set the weather station near the port of the tunnel, in order to measure the meteorological data (included wind speed, wind direction, temperature and humidity).Combined with the actual situation, and established3D full-scale model based on Guanjiao tunnel to simulate the tunnel fire under different scenes. It disscused combustion characteristics and the smoke distribute in case of fire in the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel systematically, and according to the result, it got the available safety evacuation time (ASET) in the high-altitude railway tunnel.(4) Referenced to related subjects at home and abroad, from the viewpoint of personnel safe evacuation, combined with the actual situation of Guanjiao tunnel, the model of personnel evacuation was established for the numerical simulation. According to the required safe evacuation time (RSET) under different fire scene, setting parameters of the emergency station of Guanjiao tunnel were determined such as:the length and form of the emergency station, the number and interval of cross passages.(5) In the case of the train cannot leave tunnel and can not reach the emergency station but only can stop at any position in the tunnel after the fire, the evacuation is random. It took numerical simulations to compute the safety evacuation time with different cross passage spacing under different fire scenes, and obtained the setting parameters of the cross passage spacing in the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel, cross passage spacing of Guanjiao tunnel was determined to be420m.(6) It proposed the disaster prevention and rescue scheme for Guanjiao Tunnel after the fire, included accident classification, principle of the disaster prevention and rescue, disaster prevention region division, disaster prevention and rescue and ventilation plans under different accident conditions. Summaized research results, it gave a general principle of the disaster prevention and rescue in the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel, and it also provided the basis for optimizing the design and the construction as well as the perfection of fire emergency rescue and safe evacuation plan in super-long railway tunnels更多还原